Publicado

2011-01-01

Un paradigma holístico y transdisciplinario para el estudio de las zoonosis: Medicina de la conservación

A holistic and transdisciplinary paradigm for studying zoonoses: conservation medicine

Palabras clave:

zoonosis, enfermedades transmisibles emergentes, medicina preventiva, medicina social, organizaciones en salud, salud pública. (es)
zoonoses, communicable diseases, emerging, preventive medicine, social medicine, health organizations, public health. (en)

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Autores/as

  • José Andrés Rojas Chaves Universidad para la Cooperación Internacional. San José, Costa Rica.
El sesenta por ciento de las enfermedades emergentes que afectan al ser humano son zoonosis; la mayoría (cerca del 75%) tienen su origen en la fauna silvestre. Muchas de estas patologías son comunes a los animales domésticos de carácter productivo, debido a las múltiples interrelaciones existentes y la habilidad de muchos microorganismos de mutar para colonizar nuevos huéspedes. Las zoonosis inciden directamente en el sector agropecuario y en la salud pública, y se constituyen en una seria limitante a la exportación de productos de origen animal y al comercio internacional; comprometen seriamente la seguridad alimentaria y causan cada año un alto impacto socioeconómico en naciones agroexportadoras como son la mayoría de países latinoamericanos. Organizaciones internacionales como la FAO, OIE y OMS a través de su iniciativa conjunta "One Health Approach" reconocen la necesidad de cambiar la visión tradicional del médico veterinario, y proponen afincar los servicios sanitarios de salud animal en la prevención epidemiológica temprana de las zoonosis; a través de la investigación holística y transdiciplinaria. Este artículo trata sobre las implicaciones que las zoonosis de origen silvestre pueden tener en la sanidad animal y en la salud pública. Así mismo, toca el tema de medicina de la conservación con algunas perspectivas para Costa Rica.
Sixty percent of emergent diseases affecting human beings are zoonoses; most of them (around 75%) originate in wild fauna. Many zoonotic diseases are common in domesticated animals used for production (meat, milk, eggs, rearing) due to the multiple interrelationships involved and many microorganisms' ability to mutate so as to colonize new hosts. Zoonoses directly affect livestock and public health and have become a serious limitation on exporting animal products and thus international trade. They seriously compromise food security, causing a high socioeconomic impact on agroexporting nations each year (i.e. most Latin-American countries). International organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the WHO recognize the need to change veterinary doctors' traditional view and propose focusing animal health services on early epidemiological prevention of zoonosis through holistic and transdiciplinary investigation through their joint initiative called the "One Health Approach". This article deals with the implications of wild zoonosis regarding animal and public health and touches on the topic of conservation medicine by making some reflections for Costa Rica.

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Cómo citar

Rojas Chaves, J. A. (2011). Un paradigma holístico y transdisciplinario para el estudio de las zoonosis: Medicina de la conservación. Revista De La Facultad De Medicina, 59(1), 68-78. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/revfacmed/article/view/20633