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Apolipoproteína E y enfermedad cardiovascular
Apolipoprotein E and cardiovascular disease
Palabras clave:
polipoproteína, lipoproteína, polimorfismo (genético), arteriosclerosis coronaria. (es)apolipoprotein, lipoprotein, polymorphism (genetic), coronary arteriosclerosis (en)
La apolipoproteína E es una glicoproteína polimórfica que interactúa con los receptores de lipoproteínas (LRP-Receptor Related Protein) o receptores ApoE y los receptores de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (receptores LDL). Cuando las lipoproteínas se unen al receptor comienza la captación y degradación de lípidos por parte de la célula, lo que permite la utilización del colesterol contenido en las lipoproteínas, produciéndose una autorregulación intracelula.r
La tres isoformas de mayor importancia de ApoE se denominan Apo E2, E3 y E4 y son producto de tres alelos e2, e3, e4 de un gen único. Este factor está relacionado con la cantidad de lipoproteínas que contienen ApoE para receptores E⁄B. El menor contenido de lipoproteínas con ApoE puede aumentar la actividad del receptor LDL y consecuentemente, bajar la concentración de LDL en circulación. De otra parte, las partículas con Apo E3 o Apo E4, causan disminución de la regulación de receptores LDL y producen elevación del LDL plasmático.
Muchos estudios en poblaciones humanas han demostrado la relación entre este polimorfismo de apoE y la variación en los niveles plasmáticos de lípidos y de lipoproteínas y el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular.
La enfermedad cardiovascular es el resultado de la interacción de diferentes factores entre los que se encuentra el factor genético y específicamente el polimorfismo de la ApoE. La presencia del alelo e4 de la ApoE puede explicar, en parte, la mayor frecuencia de enfermedad cardiovascular en quienes lo portan
Apolipoprotein E is a polymorphic glycoprotein who interacts with the lipoprotein receptors (LRP-Receptor Related Protein) and the receptors for low density lipoproteins of (LDL receptors). When lipoproteins bring up the receptors begins lipids captation and degradation which allows cholesterol utilization, taking place an intracellular auto regulation.
The three isoforms of greater importance: Apo E2, E3 and E4 are product of three alleles e2, e3, e4 of one only gene. This factor is related with the amount of lipoproteins that contains ApoE for E/B receptors.
A low concentration of lipoproteins with ApoE can increase the activity of LDL receptors and consequently downward the circulating LDL. In the other hand particles with Apo E3 or Apo E4, can cause a downward regulation of LDL and in this way produces a LDL plasma elevation.
Many studies in human populations have concluded that this polymorphism of apoE and the plasma variation of lipoproteins are associated with cardiovascular risk.
Cardiovascular disease is the result of different interaction between factors which are genetic factor specially ApoE polymorphism e4 allelic of ApoE can explain, in some degree, the greater frequency of cardiovascular disease in those who carries it.
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