Publicado

2015-04-01

Influencia de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 y omega-6 de la dieta y de sus metabolitos en la respuesta inmune de tipo alérgico

Influence of dietary polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and from its metabolites in the immune allergic response

Palabras clave:

Dieta, Consumo de Alimentos, Grasas en la dieta, Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos, Alergia e Inmunología (es)
Fatty Acids Omega-3, Fatty Acids Omega-6, Dietary Fats, Food Allergy, Allergy and Immunology (en)

Descargas

Autores/as

  • Deivis Javier Villanueva-Pájaro Línea de Investigación en Alergias a los Alimentos, Grupo Alergología Experimental e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Inmunológicas, Universidad de Cartagena. Cartagena, Colombia.
  • Javier A Marrugo-Cano Línea de Investigación en Alergias a los Alimentos, Grupo Alergología Experimental e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Inmunológicas, Universidad de Cartagena. Cartagena, Colombia.

Las tasas de prevalencia para las enfermedades alérgicas han incrementado en gran medida en los últimos cincuenta años, tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. En estos últimos, dicho incremento está representado principalmente por la población de niños y adolescentes; un evento que a su vez se concibe como un problema relevante de salud pública mundial. Varios factores han sido propuestos para explicar las causas de esta problemática, entre los que destaca la hipótesis de la dieta, señalando que componentes específicos de la alimentación y cambios en los patrones del mismo propiciarían el desarrollo de las alergias e influirían en el incremento de su prevalencia.

En apoyo de lo anterior, la hipótesis de las grasas expone que paralelo al aumento de las alergias a nivel global, ha existido también un consumo excesivo de alimentos con alto contenido de ácidos grasos omega-6 y bajos en omega-3, principalmente en dietas occidentales y como resultado de intervenciones en prevención del riesgo cardiovascular, lo que en conjunto pudiera explicar parte de este fenómeno mundial. La evidencia a nivel epidemiológico y experimental muestra que ambas series de lípidos y varios de sus metabolitos ejercen un importante papel modulador en la patología alérgica, aspectos que serán abordados en la presente revisión temática.

The prevalence rates for allergic diseases has increased markedly in the last fifty years, both in developed and developing countries, in which, such increase is mainly represented by the population of children and teens, an event which in turn is conceived as a major public health problem worldwide. Many factors have been proposed trying to explain the causes of this problematic, among which highlights the diet hypothesis, pointing that specific components of feeding and changes in the patterns of the same, would promote the development of allergies and will influence the increase from its prevalence. In support of which, the fat hypothesis, showing that parallel to the rise in allergies worldwide, also has been an excessive consumption of foods with high content of omega-6 fatty acids and low in omega-3, mainly in western diets and as result of interventions in cardiovascular risk prevention, which together could explain part of this global phenomenon, aspects will be to board in the present thematic review.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Pawankar R, Canonica GW, Holgate ST, Lockey RF. WAO-White Book on Allergy: World Allergy Organization [Internet]; 2011-2012 [cited 2015 may 12]. Available from: http://goo.gl/CkOZOB.

Beasley R. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. Lancet [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2015 may 12];351(9111):1225-32. doi: http://doi.org/bqg95t.

Maziak W, Benrens T, Brasky TM, Duhme H, Rzehak P, Weiland SK, et al. Are asthma and allergies in children and adolescents increasing? Results from ISAAC phase I and phase II surveys in Münster, Germany. Allergy [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 may 12];58(7):572-9. doi: http://doi.org/drc8n3.

Isolauri E, Huurre A, Salminen S, Impivaara O. The allergy epidemic extends beyond the past few decades. Clin Exp Allergy [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2015 may 12];34(7):1007-10. doi: http://doi.org/c8kg78.

Asher MI, Montefort S, Björkstén B, Lai CKW, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2015 may 12];368(9537):733-43. doi: http://doi.org/cw6jbm.

Pawankar R, Canonica GW, Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss MS. White Book on Allergy: Update 2013: World Allergy Organization (WAO) [Internet]; 2013 [cited 2015 may 12]. Available from: http://goo.gl/sZ9Sii.

Lötvall J, Pawankar R, Wallace DV, Akdis CA, Rosenwasser LJ, Weber RW, et al. We call for iCAALL: International Collaboration in Asthma, Allergy and Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 may 12];129(4):904-5. doi: http://doi.org/f2gkd3.

Mallol J, Crane J, von Mutius E, Odhiambo J, Keil U, Stewart A, et al. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three: a global synthesis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 12];41(2):73-85. doi: http://doi.org/f2h5xh.

Dennis RJ, Caraballo L, Garcia E, Rojas MX, Rondon MA, Perez A, et al. Prevalence of asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia 2009-2010: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 may 13];12:17. doi: http://doi.org/4m9.

Penaranda A, Aristizabal G, García E, Vasquez C, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. Rhinoconjunctivitis prevalence and associated factors in school children aged 6-7 and 13-14 years old in Bogota, Colombia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 may 13];76(4):530-5. doi: http://doi.org/fx9zqr.

Dennis R, Caraballo L, García E, Caballero A, Aristizabal G, Córdoba H, et al. Asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia- a study in 6 cities. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2015 may 11];93(6):568-74. doi: http://doi.org/fjp38v.

Caraballo L, Cadavid A, Mendoza J. Prevalence of asthma in a tropical city of Colombia. Ann Allergy. 1992;68(6):525-9. [cited 2015 may 13].

von Mutius E. Influences in allergy: epidemiology and the environment. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2015 may 14];113(3):373-9. doi: http://doi.org/cbrt77.

Haahtela T, Holgate S, Pawankar R, Akdis CA, Benjaponpitak S, Caraballo L, et al. The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement. World Allergy Organization Journal [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 14];6(3):1-18. doi: http://doi.org/4nb.

Vlaski E, Lawson JA. Urban-rural differences in asthma prevalence among young adolescents: The role of behavioural and environmental factors. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 may 14];43(2):131-41. doi: http://doi.org/f26n4m.

Ring J, Krämer U, Schäfer T, Behrendt H. Why are allergies increasing? Allergy and hypersensitivity [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2015 may 15];13:701-8. Available from: http://goo.gl/XSwF8R.

Prescott SL. Early-life environmental determinants of allergic diseases and the wider pandemic of inflammatory non communicable diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 14];131(1):23-30. doi: http://doi.org/f2gf6s.

Prescott S, Saffery R. The role of epigenetic dysregulation in the epidemic of allergic disease. Clin Epigenetics [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 may 14];2(2):223-32. doi: http://doi.org/cvjmw4.

Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC. Epigenetic mechanisms linking early nutrition to long term health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 may 15];26(5):667-76. doi: http://doi.org/4nc.

Bowler RP, Crapo JD. Oxidative stress in allergic respiratory diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2015 may 15];110(3):349-56. doi: http://doi.org/ddtfb6.

West CE, D'Vaz N, Prescott SL. Dietary immunomodulatory factors in the development of immune tolerance. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 may 11];11(4):325-33. doi: http://doi.org/fmzkts.

Devereux G, Seaton A. Diet as a risk factor for atopy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2015 may 11];115(6):1109-17. doi: http://doi.org/dfpkb7.

Sohi DK, Warner JO. Understanding allergy. Paediatrics and Child Health [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];18(7):301-8. doi: http://doi.org/b9jdkh.

Ellwood P, Asher MI, Björkstén B, Burr M, Pearce N, Robertson CF. Diet and asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema symptom prevalence: an ecological analysis of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) data. Eur Respir J [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2015 may 14];17(3):436-43. doi: http://doi.org/d4z8jc.

Castro-Rodriguez JA, Garcia-Marcos L, Alfonseda-Rojas JD, Valverde-Molina J, Sanchez-Solis M. Mediterranean diet as a protective factor for wheezing in preschool children. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];152(6):823-8. doi: http://doi.org/bm7r24.

Hypponen E, Sovio U, Wjst M, Patel S, Pekkanen J, Hartikainen AL, et al. Infant vitamin D supplementation and allergic conditions in adulthood: northern Finland birth cohort 1966. AnnN Y Acad Sci [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2015 may 14];1037:84-95. doi: http://doi.org/bmwwcg.

Black PN, Sharpe S. Dietary fat and asthma: is there a connection? Eur Resp J [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2015 may 14];10(1):6-12. doi: http://doi.org/dj2n4z.

Arab L. Biomarkers of Fat and Fatty Acid Intake. J Nutr [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 may 14];133:925S-32S. Available from: http://goo.gl/K2T4Bf.

Calder PC. The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];79(3-5):101-8. doi: http://doi.org/dqcvw4.

Sala-Vila A, Miles EA, Calder PC. Fatty acid composition abnormalities in atopic disease: evidence explored and role in the disease process examined. Clin Exp Allergy [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];38(9):1432-50. doi: http://doi.org/fbv9xk.

Buckley CD, Gilroy DW, Serhan CN. Proresolving lipid mediators and mechanisms in the resolution of acute inflammation. Immunity [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 may 14];40(3):315-27. Available from: http://goo.gl/BZmUKd.

Fritsche K. Fatty acids as modulators of the immune response. Annu Rev Nutr [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2015 may 14];26:45-73. doi: http://doi.org/d6b864.

Lack G. Epidemiologic risks for food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];121(6):1331-6. doi: http://doi.org/bw5snq.

Lumia M, Luukkainen P, Tapanainen H, Kaila M, Erkkola M, Uusitalo L, et al. Dietary fatty acid composition during pregnancy and the risk of asthma in the offspring. Pediatr Allergy Immunol [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 may 14];22(8):827-35. doi: http://doi.org/b5hjrq.

Miyake Y, Tanaka K, Okubo H, Sasaki S, Arakawa M. Maternal fat intake during pregnancy and wheeze and eczema in Japanese infants: the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. Ann Epidemiol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 14];23(11):674-80. dio: http://doi.org/4nf.

Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Ohfuji S, Hirota Y. Maternal fat consumption during pregnancy and risk of wheeze and eczema in Japanese infants aged 16-24 months: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Thorax [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2015 may 14];64(9):815-21. doi: http://doi.org/fwq425.

Mihrshahi S, Peat JK, Marks GB, Mellis CM, Tovey ER, Webb K, et al. Eighteen-month outcomes of house dust mite avoidance and dietary fatty acid modification in the childhood asthma prevention study (CAPS). J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 may 14];111(1):162-8. doi: http://doi.org/dtqg6m.

Jarvinen KM, Sicherer SH. Fish Consumption During the First Year of Life and Development of Allergic Diseases During Childhood. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2015 may 14];120(Suppl3):S109. doi: http://doi.org/cf749z.

Olsen SF, Østerdal ML, Salvig JD, Mortensen LM, Rytter D, Secher NJ, et al. Fish oil intake compared with olive oil intake in late pregnancy and asthma in the offspring: 16 y of registry-based follow-up from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];88(1):167-75. Available from: http://goo.gl/OIuBvU.

Wijga AH, van Houwelingen AC, Kerkhof M, Tabak C, de Jongste JC, Gerritsen J, et al. Breast milk fatty acids and allergic disease in preschool children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2015 may 14];117(2):440-7. doi: http://doi.org/dtn6sv.

Mickleborough TD, Murray RL, Ionescu AA, Lindley MR. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 may 14];168(10):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/cszbbt.

Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Ionescu AA, Fly AD. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Chest [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2015 may 14];129(1):39-49. doi: http://doi.org/fp3qms.

Schubert R, Kitz R, Beermann C, Rose M, Lieb A, Sommerer P, et al. Effect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Asthma after Low-Dose Allergen Challenge. Int Arch Allergy immunol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];148(4):321-9. doi: http://doi.org/bgsgtg.

Kitz R, Rose MA, Schubert R, Beermann C, Kaufmann A, Bohles HJ, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and bronchial inflammation in grass pollen allergy after allergen challenge. Respir Med [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2015 may 14];104(12):1793-8. doi: http://doi.org/bvgmg7.

Simon D, Eng PA, Borelli S, Kagi R, Zimmermann C, Zahner C, et al. Gamma-linolenic acid levels correlate with clinical efficacy of evening primrose oil in patients with atopic dermatitis. Adv Ther [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 may 14];31(2):180-8. doi: http://doi.org/4ng.

Bilal S, Haworth O, Wu L, Weylandt KH, Levy BD, Kang JX. Fat-1 transgenic mice with elevated omega-3 fatty acids are protected from allergic airway responses. Biochim Biophys Acta [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 may 14];1812(9):1164-9. doi: http://doi.org/dc2r3h.

Aoki H, Hisada T, Ishizuka T, Utsugi M, Kawata T, Shimizu Y, et al. Resolvin E1 dampens airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 13];367(2):509-15. doi: http://doi.org/b82q52.

Aoki H, Hisada T, Ishizuka T, Utsugi M, Ono A, Koga Y, et al. Protective effect of resolvin E1 on the development of asthmatic airway inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2015 may 14];400(1):128-33. doi: http://doi.org/fvwnx7.

Haworth O, Cernadas M, Yang R, Serhan CN, Levy BD. Resolvin E1 regulates interleukin 23, interferon-gamma and lipoxin A4 to promote the resolution of allergic airway inflammation. Nat Immunol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 13];9(8):873-9. doi: http://doi.org/ddv4p9.

Kim TH, Kim GD, Jin YH, Park YS, Park CS. Omega-3 fatty acid-derived mediator, Resolvin E1, ameliorates 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunopharmacol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 may 14];14(4):384-91. doi: http://doi.org/4nj.

Park BK, Park S, Park JB, Park MC, Min TS, Jin M. Omega-3 fatty acids suppress Th2-associated cytokine gene expressions and GATA transcription factors in mast cells. J Nutr Biochem [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 14];24(5):868-76. doi: http://doi.org/4nk.

Jaudszus A, Krokowski M, Möckel P, Darcan Y, Avagyan A, Matricardi P, et al.Cis-9,trans-11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Inhibits Allergic Sensitization and Airway Inflammation via a PPARg-Related Mechanism in Mice. Journal Nutr [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];138(7):1336-42. Available from: http://goo.gl/kIB0sn.

Stoney RM, Woods RK, Hosking CS, Hill DJ, Abramson MJ, Thien FC. Maternal breast milk long-chain n-3 fatty acids are associated with increased risk of atopy in breastfed infants. Clin Exp Allergy [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2015 may 14];34(2):194-200. doi: http://doi.org/b92q2p.

Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Arakawa M, Tanaka K, Murakami K, Ohya Y. Fatty acid intake and asthma symptoms in Japanese children: the Ryukyus Child Health Study. Clin Exp Allergy [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];38(10):1644-50. doi: http://doi.org/frvwbr.

Anandan C, Nurmatov U, Sheikh A. Omega 3 and 6 oils for primary prevention of allergic disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2015 may 14];64(6):840-8. doi: http://doi.org/cgd55z.

Almqvist C, Garden F, Xuan W, Mihrshahi S, Leeder SR, Oddy W, et al. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid exposure from early life does not affect atopy and asthma at age 5 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2015 may 14];119(6):1438-44. doi: http://doi.org/d5xzgz.

McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Cassano PA, Ocké M, Burney P, Britton J, et al.The relation between dietary intake of individual fatty acids, FEV1 and respiratory disease in Dutch adults. Thorax [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];63(3):208-14. doi: http://doi.org/c3czzq.

Hodge L, Salome CM, Hughes JM, Liu-Brennan D, Rimmer J, Allman M, et al. Effect of dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on severity of asthma in children. Eur Respir J [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2015 may 14];11(2):361-5. doi: http://doi.org/frjfkc.

Hoff S, Seiler H, Heinrich J, Kompauer I, Nieters A, Becker N, et al. Allergic sensitisation and allergic rhinitis are associated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet and in red blood cell membranes. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2015 may 14];59(9):1071-80. doi: http://doi.org/cphs43.

Beck M, Zelczak G, Lentze MJ. Abnormal fatty acid composition in umbilical cord blood of infants at high risk of atopic disease. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2015 may 14];89(3):279-84. doi: http://doi.org/btfqrx.

Nwaru BI, Erkkola M, Lumia M, Kronberg-Kippila C, Ahonen S, Kaila M, et al. Maternal intake of fatty acids during pregnancy and allergies in the offspring. Br J Nutr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 may 14];108(4):720-32. doi: http://doi.org/fvjsbg.

Barman M, Johansson S, Hesselmar B, Wold AE, Sandberg AS, Sandin A. High levels of both n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cord serum phospholipids predict allergy development. PLoS One [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 14];8(7):e67920. doi: http://doi.org/f22k3x.

Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Taylor AL, Holt PG, et al.Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy reduces interleukin- 13 levels in cord blood of infants at hihg risk of atopy. Clin Exp Allergy [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 may 14];33:442-6. doi: http://doi.org/bstzn6.

Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Taylor AL, Holt PG, et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 may 14];112(6):1178-84. doi: http://doi.org/dm5c8r.

Reichardt P, Müeller D, Posselt U, Vorberg B, Diez U, Schlink U, et al. Fatty acids in colostrum from mothers of children at high risk of atopy in relation to clinical and laboratory signs of allergy in the first year of life. Allergy [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2015 may 14];59(4):394-400. doi: http://doi.org/b93jwv.

Lumia M, Luukkainen P, Takkinen HM, Kaila M, Nwaru BI, Nevalainen J, et al. Cow's milk allergy and the association between fatty acids and childhood asthma risk. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 may 14];134(2):488-90. doi: http://doi.org/f2tdxw.

Duchén K, Casas R, Fageras-Bottcher M, Yu G, Björkstén B. Human milk polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids and secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies and early childhood allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2015 may 14];11(1):29-39. doi: http://doi.org/d9btwk.

Johansson S, Wold AE, Sandberg AS. Low breast milk levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in allergic women, despite frequent fish intake. Clin Exp Allergy [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 may 14];41(4):505-15. doi: http://doi.org/fwg2tk.

Weiss GA, Troxler H, Klinke G, Rogler D, Braegger C, Hersberger M. High levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators lipoxins and resolvins and declining docosahexaenoic acid levels in human milk during the first month of lactation. Lipids Health Dis [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 14];12(1):1-12. doi: http://doi.org/bttwc9.

Lowe AJ, Thien FC, Stoney RM, Bennett CM, Hosking CS, Hill DJ, et al.Associations between fatty acids in colostrum and breast milk and risk of allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 may 14];38(11):1745-51. doi: http://doi.org/bbdn36.

Laitinen K, Hoppu U, Hamalainen M, Linderborg K, Moilanen E, Isolauri E. Breast milk fatty acids may link innate and adaptive immune regulation: analysis of soluble CD14, prostaglandin E2, and fatty acids. Pediatr Res [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2015 may 14];59(5):723-7. doi: http://doi.org/csc8rp.

Nafstad P, Nystad W, Magnus P, Jaakkola JJK. Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis at 4 Years of Age in Relation to Fish Consumption in Infancy. J Asthma [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 may 14];40(4):343-8. doi: http://doi.org/dh55hh.

Alm B, Goksör E, Thengilsdottir H, Pettersson R, Möllborg P, Norvenius G, et al. Early protective and risk factors for allergic rhinitis at age 4(1/2) yr. Pediatr Allergy Immunol [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 may 14];22(4):398-404. doi: http://doi.org/dh55hh.

Farchi S, Forastiere F, Agabiti N, Corbo G, Pistelli R, Fortes C, et al.Dietary factors associated with wheezing and allergic rhinitis in children. Eur Respir J [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 may 14];22(5):772-80. doi: http://doi.org/bq9hs6.

Miyake Y, Tanaka K, Sasaki S, Arakawa M. Polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and prevalence of eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis in Japanese children: the Ryukyus Child Health Study. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 may 14];11:358. doi: http://doi.org/dj5c53.

Gabriele Bolte CF, Bernd Hoelscher, Ines Meyer, Matthias Wjst, Joachim Heinrich. Margarine Consumption and allergy in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:277-9.

Tamay Z, Akcay A, Ergin A, Guler N. Effects of dietary habits and risk factors on allergic rhinitis prevalence among Turkish adolescents. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 14];77(9):1416-23. doi: http://doi.org/f2wt2w.

Wakai K, Okamoto K, Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Nakayama T, Ohno Y. Seasonal Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis and Fatty Acid Intake: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan. Ann Epidemiol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2015 may 14];11(1):59-64. doi: http://doi.org/b5zkpj.

Nagel G, Nieters A, Becker N, Linseisen J. The influence of the dietary intake of fatty acids and antioxidants on hay fever in adults. Allergy [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 may 14];58(12)2:1277-84. doi: http://doi.org/czgdvm.

Kompauer I, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Bolte G, Linseisen J, Heinrich J. Association of fatty acids in serum phospholipids with hay fever, specific and total immunoglobulin E. Br J Nut [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2015 may 14];93(4):529-35. doi: http://doi.org/cq5j33.

Trak-Fellermeier MA, Brasche S, Winklerz G, Koletzko B, Heinrich J. Food and fatty acid intake and atopic disease in adults. Eur Respir J [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2015 may 14];23(4):575-82. doi: http://doi.org/fr8kjq.

Rocklin RE, Thistle L, Gallant L, Manku MS, Horrobin D. Altered Arachidonic Acid Content in Polymorphonuclear and Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma. Lipids [Internet]. 1986 [cited 2015 may 14];21(1):17-20. doi: http://doi.org/cdt7mr.

Bhavsar PK, Levy BD, Hew MJ, Pfeffer MA, Kazani S, Israel E, et al. Corticosteroid suppression of lipoxin A4 and leukotriene B4 from alveolar macrophages in severe asthma. Respir Res [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2015 may 14];11:71. doi: http://doi.org/b3s2cb.

Mihaly J, Gericke J, Torocsik D, Gaspar K, Szegedi A, Ruhl R. Reduced lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase mediated signaling in PBMC of atopic dermatitis patients. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 14];107:35-42. doi: http://doi.org/4nn.

Miyata J, Fukunaga K, Iwamoto R, Isobe Y, Niimi K, Takamiya, Takihara T, et al. Dysregulated synthesis of protectin D1 in eosinophils from patients with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 may 14];131(2):353-60. doi: http://doi.org/f2ghsx.

Levy BD, Bonnans C, Silverman ES, Palmer LJ, Marigowda G, Israel E, et al. Diminished lipoxin biosynthesis in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2015 may 14];172(7):824-30. doi: http://doi.org/dgcvrr.

Licencia

Derechos de autor 2015 Revista de la Facultad de Medicina

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento 3.0 Unported.

-