Evaluación y aplicación de la medida en la circunferencia del brazo como prueba de tamizaje en el diagnóstico del estado nutricional de niños menores de cinco años
Keywords:
pruebas de tamizaje, nutrición infantil (es)Downloads
La medida de la circunferencia del brazo se viene utilizando como un indicador del estado nutricional, especialmente en niños, por tratarse de un método simple y rápido, aplicable a través de un equipo mínimo, sencillo y fácil de transportar. Para establecer su validez como instrumento de tamizaje, es necesario evaluarlo frente a otros criterios de clasificación aceptados como ciertos como son la relación peso para la edad y peso para la talla, lo cual es posible a través del análisis sensibilidad-especificidad. Al aplicar dicho análisis a una muestra de 5.226 observaciones efectuadas en niños del sur de Bogotá desde el momento del nacimiento hasta los 69 meses, se concluye que la medida de la circunferencia del brazo para la edad puede utilizarse como instrumento de tamizaje en áreas rurales, donde múltiples circunstancias dificultan el utilizar criterios de clasificación más precisos. Como la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la prueba varían una expensas de la otra, para definir los puntos de corte de la circunferencia del brazo es necesario antes establecer el grado de precisión esperado al identificar 'los sujetos positivos y negativos a la prueba, o sea los desnutridos y los normales. Cuando la sensibilidad aumenta, un número grande de niños sanos será señalado como desnutridos y ello puede encarecer los costos de un programa de nutrición. Al disminuir la sensibilidad, niños desnutridos pueden ser clasificados como normales y por tanto ser excluidos de un programa de ayuda alimentaria cuando realmente lo necesitan. Sólo una medida critica o punto de corte que brinde iguales valores de sensibilidad y especificidad identifica igual proporción de niños normales y desnutridos.
The arm circumference measurement is being used as an indicator of nutritional status specially in children because it is a simple and quick method, applicable through minimal, simple and easily transportable equipmento to establish its value as a screening instrument, it is necessary to evaluate it in relation to other criteria of classification accepted as true, like the relation of weight to age and weight to lenght, which is possible through the sensitivity-specificity analysis. When such an analysis was applied to a sample of 5.226 children from south Bogotá, the findings indicated that the arm circumference measurement for the age can be used as a screening instrument in rural area, where multiple circunstances teopardize with the utilization of more accurate criteria. As the sensitivity and the specificity of the test vary one with the other, to detennine the cut points of the arm circumference it is necessary to establish polvioushy the expected degree of accury when identifying the positive and negative subjects to the test, that is the malnourished, and normal children. When the sensitivity increases, a large number of healthy children will be marked as malnourished, which can increase the costs of a nutrition program. When the sensitivity decreases the malnourished children can be classified as normal, an for that reason be exc1uded fron a nutrition program, when they really need it. Only a critical measurement or cut point which offers the equal values of sensitivity and specificity can identify the equal proportion of normal and malnourished children.
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