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Longitud del micelio y glomalina de micorrizas arbusculares: agregación del suelo en bosques y agroecosistemas andinos
Mycellium longitude and glomaline in arbuscular mycorrhyzae: soil aggregation in Andean forests and agroecosystems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v71n2.101536Palabras clave:
Agregación del suelo, cobertura vegetal, Colombia, estabilidad de agregados, micelio externo (es)Soil aggregation, plant cover, Colombia, aggregate stability, external micelium (en)
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Estudiar el papel de las micorrizas en los procesos ecológicos de soporte, estabilidad y agregación del suelo es de gran relevancia para ecosistemas de alta transformación en la región andina. Este estudio evaluó la relación e importancia de los hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular (HMA) a través de los rasgos de densidad de esporas, longitud de micelio externo (LME) y concentración de glomalina sobre la agregación de suelo, según las características físicas y químicas, en 20 parches clasificados en cuatro coberturas de vegetación (bosque, rastrojo, cafetales, potreros) en la cuenca alta del río Cali (Colombia). Los rasgos de LME, glomalina difícilmente extractable (DE-GRSP) y glomalina total (T-GRSP) fueron significativamente mayores en los suelos de bosque, rastrojo y cultivo de café, con los mayores valores de agregación de suelo. Por otro lado, los suelos de potrero mostraron una mayor fracción de microagregados, mesoagregados, densidad de esporas y glomalina fácilmente extractable (EE-GRSP), lo que sugiere efectos adversos por compactación y erosión. La mayor proporción de macroagregados estables sugieren que los HMA mejoran las condiciones del suelo durante la aglutinación de partículas en agregados estables por la glomalina. Aunque se evidencia cómo los efectos de algunos rasgos de las micorrizas pueden mejorar las condiciones de los suelos, en otros agroecosistemas estos efectos se ven afectados por el tipo de actividad agropecuaria y la intensidad de laboreo del suelo e inciden en otros procesos ecosistémicos que intervienen en la regulación de la fertilidad y la transformación de la materia orgánica.
Studying the role of mycorrhyzae for supporting ecological processes and the stability and aggregation of soil is of great importance in the ecosystems of the Andean region undergoing high transformation. This study evaluated the importance of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) through the traits of spore density, external mycelium length (EML), and glomalin concentration on the aggregation indices and the physical and chemical characteristics in 20 patches classified in four land uses (forest, stubble, coffee plantations, and cattle pastures) in the high basin of Cali River (Colombia). The traits of EML, difficult-extractable glomalin-related soil protein (DE-GRSP), and total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP), were significantly higher in forest, stubble and coffee soils, which, in turn, presented the highest soil aggregation values. On the other hand, the soils from cattle pastures presented a significantly higher percentage of microaggregates, macroaggregates, spore density and easily-extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP) than the other land uses which suggests adverse effects from compaction and erosion. The higher proportion of stable macroaggregates suggests that the AMF improve soil conditions during the agglutination of particles in stable aggregates due to glomalin. Although it is evident how the effects of some mycorrhizal traits can improve the soil conditions, in other agroecosystems, these effects are affected by the type of agricultural activity and the intensity of soil tillage. Similarly, other ecosystem processes involved in the regulation of fertility and the transformation of organic matter can also be affected.
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