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Propiedades mecánicas de películas obtenidas a partir de pellets de almidón termoplástico almacenados en diferentes condiciones
Mechanical properties of films obtained from thermoplastic starch pellets stored under different conditions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v72n3.108129Palabras clave:
Almacenamiento, Almidón, Pellets, Plastificación, retrogradación (es)Storage, starch, pellets, plasticization , retrogradation (en)
El desarrollo de materiales biodegradables como reemplazo de los plásticos convencionales se ha estudiado y analizado hasta su punto de producción, sin embargo, existe pocos estudios sobre la determinación del tiempo de vida útil de los pellets a partir de almidón para obtener materiales biodegradables, la mayoría se han realizado con base a pellets de madera, utilizando recubrimientos, pretratamientos térmicos, aditivos, etc., con el fin de aumentar la vida útil o tiempo en almacenamiento. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio se basó en determinar los efectos de las condiciones de empaque y almacenamiento sobre las propiedades finales de los pellets y las películas producidas a partir de almidón de yuca termoplástico (TPS) y ácido poliláctico (PLA). Los pellets se almacenaron en tres tipos de empaque (celulosa multicapa, polietileno y papel), tres humedades relativas (70 %, 26 % y 10 %) y se procesaron en los días 0, 8, 20, 40 y 75 para obtener las películas flexibles y realizar una medición a sus propiedades mecánicas como variable de respuesta. Se obtuvo que los factores tipo de empaque y tiempo de almacenamiento de los pellets afectan significativamente las propiedades mecánicas de tracción de las películas obtenidas a partir de los pellets almacenados, presentando una disminución del esfuerzo en el sentido longitudinal de las películas de 15 MPa a 10 MPa y un aumento del porcentaje de deformación de aproximadamente 20 % con respecto a la muestra control, debido al proceso de retrogradación y plastificación que sufre el almidón cuando es almacenado. Los empaques de celulosa multicapa y el polietileno mostraron ser dos posibles tipos de empaque para almacenar los pellets por 20 días.
The development of biodegradable materials as a replacement for conventional plastics has been studied and analyzed up to the point of production, however, there are few studies on determining of the useful life of pellets from starch to obtain biodegradable materials, have been made from wood pellets, using coatings, thermal pretreatments, additives, etc., in order to increase their useful life or storage time. In this sense, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of packaging and storage conditions on the final properties of pellets and films produced from thermoplastic cassava starch (TPS) and polylactic acid (PLA). The pellets were stored in three types of packaging (multilayer cellulose, polyethylene and paper), with three relative humidities (70 %, 26 % and 10 %) and were processed on days 0, 8, 20, 40 and 75 to obtain the films. Their mechanical properties were measured as a response variable. It was obtained that the factors type of packaging and storage time of the pellets significantly affect the tensile mechanical properties of the films obtained from the stored pellets, presenting a decrease in the stress in the longitudinal direction from 15 MPa to 10 MPa and an increase in the deformation percentage of approximately 20 % with respect to the control sample, due to the retrogradation and plasticization process that starch undergoes when it is stored. Multilayer cellulose packaging and polyethylene were shown to be two possible types of packaging to store the pellets for 20 days.
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