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Desarrollo de un bioplástico a partir de pectina extraída de la cáscara de manzana (Malus domestica)
Development of a bioplastic from pectin extracted from apple (Malus domestica) peel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v73n4.119744Palabras clave:
biodegradabilidad, economía circular, superficie respuesta, residuos agroindustriales (es)Agro-industrial residues, biodegradability, bioplastic, circular economy, response surface (en)
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La pectina es un biopolímero biodegradable obtenido de subproductos agroindustriales y representa una alternativa sostenible a los plásticos derivados del petróleo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un bioplástico a partir de la pectina extraída de la cáscara de manzana, optimizando su proceso de extracción y su formulación. Para esto, se empleó un diseño factorial completo (4×3) con modelo cuadrático con el fin de evaluar los efectos de la temperatura, pH, tiempo y relación sólido-líquido sobre el rendimiento. Las condiciones óptimas (85 °C, pH 1, 1:30 y 45 min) permitieron obtener un rendimiento del 38.90 %. El análisis FTIR-ATR identificó los grupos estructurales característicos de la pectina: hidroxilos (–OH), alquilos (–CH/–CH₂), carbonilos (–C=O), carboxilatos ionizados (–COO⁻) y enlaces C–O. Posteriormente, la pectina presentó 11.17 % de grupos metoxilo, 69.89 % de ácido galacturónico y un grado de esterificación de 88.74 %. Para la elaboración del bioplástico se utilizó un diseño factorial (3×3) variando las concentraciones de pectina y glicerina. La formulación óptima (3 % de pectina y 4.5 % de glicerina) produjo un material con 0.10 mm de espesor, resistencia a la tracción de 2.383 MPa y una elongación de 10.96 %. El material presentó 78.93 % de sólidos volátiles y niveles de metales pesados por debajo de los límites de cuantificación. Además, mostró una alta biodegradabilidad, con desintegración completa en 90 días bajo compostaje. En conclusión, se obtuvo un bioplástico biodegradable con propiedades mecánicas y químicas adecuadas, evidenciando el potencial de la cáscara de manzana para desarrollar empaques sostenibles.
Pectin is a biodegradable biopolymer obtained from agro-industrial by-products and represents a sustainable alternative to petroleum-derived plastics. The objective of this study was to develop a bioplastic from pectin extracted from apple peel by optimizing both the extraction and formulation processes. A full factorial design (4 × 3) with a quadratic model was applied to evaluate the effects of temperature, pH, extraction time, and solid–liquid ratio on pectin yield. Optimal extraction conditions (85 °C, pH 1, 1:30 solid–liquid ratio, and 45 min) resulted in a yield of 38.90 %. FTIR-ATR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic pectin functional groups, including hydroxyl (–OH), alkyl (–CH/–CH₂), carbonyl (–C=O), ionized carboxylate (–COO⁻), and C–O linkages. The extracted pectin contained 11.17 % methoxyl groups, 69.89 % galacturonic acid, and exhibited a degree of esterification of 88.74 %. For bioplastic preparation, a factorial design (3 × 3) was employed to evaluate the effects of pectin and glycerol concentrations. The optimal formulation (3 % pectin and 4.5 % glycerol) produced bioplastic with a thickness of 0.10 mm, tensile strength of 2.383 MPa, and elongation at break of 10.96 %. The material exhibited78.93 % volatile solids and heavy metal contents below quantification limits. Additionally, the bioplastic demonstrated high biodegradability, achieving complete disintegration after 90 days under composting conditions. Overall, a biodegradable bioplastic with suitable mechanical and chemical properties was obtained, highlighting the potential of apple peel as a sustainable resource for sustainable packaging applications.
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