Publicado

2017-07-01

Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v66n3.52799

Palabras clave:

Citrus, ecophysiology, genotype, Piedmont of Meta-Colombia (en)
Citrus, ecophysiology, genotype, Piedmont of Meta-Colombia (es)

Autores/as

  • Hans Chaparro Universidad Católica de Chile, santiago de Chle, Chile
  • David Ricardo Hernández Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Colombia
  • Diana Mayerly Mateus Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica
  • Javier Orlando Orduz Rodriguez Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica
‘Cleopatra’ tangerine (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) is a commonly used rootstock in the piedmont of Meta department, Colombia for establishing of commercial citrus orchards. Have allowed a late production entrance rootstock and produced big plants when grafted with tangelo ‘Minneola’ (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradise Macf), decreasing the productive efficiency in plants and hard crop practices. The evaluated performance were as follows:  tree size, productive efficiency and fruit quality of tangelo ‘Minneola’ grafted in six rootstocks. It found that the cumulated production of 11 years was better with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) with 1388.3 kg tree-1, followed by ‘Cleopatra’ (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) with 893.2 kg.tree-1, in last place was ‘Carrizo’ (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirustrifoliata (L.) Raf) with 182.9 kg tree-1. The other rootstocks, had a medium production. The greatest height and canopy value, was found with ‘Cleopatra’ without significant differences with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’. In fruit quality no significant differences occurred.

‘Cleopatra’ tangerine (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) is a commonly used rootstock in the piedmont of Meta department, Colombia for establishing of commercial citrus orchards. Have allowed a late production entrance rootstock and produced big plants when grafted with tangelo ‘Minneola’ (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradise Macf), decreasing the productive efficiency in plants and hard crop practices. The evaluated performance were as follows:  tree size, productive efficiency and fruit quality of tangelo ‘Minneola’ grafted in six rootstocks. It found that the cumulated production of 11 years was better with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) with 1388.3 kg tree-1, followed by ‘Cleopatra’ (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) with 893.2 kg.tree-1, in last place was ‘Carrizo’ (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirustrifoliata (L.) Raf) with 182.9 kg tree-1. The other rootstocks, had a medium production. The greatest height and canopy value, was found with ‘Cleopatra’ without significant differences with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’. In fruit quality no significant differences occurred.

Recibido: 31 de agosto de 2015; Aceptado: 7 de abril de 2016

Abstract

'Cleopatra' tangerine (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) is a commonly used rootstock in the piedmont of Meta department, Colombia for establishing of commercial citrus orchards. Have allowed a late production entrance rootstock and produced big plants when grafted with tangelo 'Minneola' (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradise Macf), decreasing the productive efficiency in plants and hard crop practices. The evaluated performance were as follows: tree size, productive efficiency and fruit quality of tangelo 'Minneola' grafted in six rootstocks. It found that the cumulated production of 11 years was better with Citrumelo 'Swingle' (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) with 1388.3 kg tree-1, followed by 'Cleopatra' (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) with 893.2 kg.tree-1, in last place was 'Carrizo' (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirustrifoliata (L.) Raf) with 182.9 kg tree-1. The other rootstocks, had a medium production. The greatest height and canopy value, was found with 'Cleopatra' without significant differences with Citrumelo 'Swingle'. In fruit quality no significant differences occurred.

Keywords:

Citrus, ecophysiology, genotype, Piedmont of Meta-Colombia.

Resumen

Mandarina 'Cleopatra' (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) ha sido el patrón más utilizado en el piedemonte del Meta (Colombia) para el establecimiento de cultivos comerciales de cítricos. Ha sido reportado de tardía entrada en producción y de baja eficiencia productiva por inducir arboles de gran tamaño. Este patrón es usado con tangelo 'Minneola' (Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrusparadisi Macf), hibrido de importancia económica en el piedemonte del Meta, con deficientes resultados comerciales. Por esta razón se evaluó el comportamiento (tamaño de árboles, eficiencia productiva y calidad de fruta) de tangelo 'Minneola' injertado sobre seis patrones incluyendo a 'Cleopatra' como testigo regional. Se encontró que la producción acumulada de 11 cosechas anuales fue mayor con Citrumelo 'Swingle' (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) seguido por 'Cleopatra' (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) con 1388.3 kg árbol-1 y 893.2 kg árbol-1, respectivamente, mientras que el rendimiento más bajo se obtuvo con el patrón 'Carrizo' (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) con182.9 kg árbol-1. Los demás patrones presentaron una producción intermedia. La mayor altura y tamaño de copa se encontró con 'Cleopatra' sin diferencias estadísticas significativas con Citrumelo 'Swingle'. No se presentaron diferencias significativas sobresalientes entre patrones con respecto a calidad de fruto.

Palabras clave:

Cítricos, ecofisiología, genotipos, piedemonte del Meta, Colombia.

Introduction

The selection of plant material (rootstock and scion) is one of the most important decisions for the establishing of a citrus crop. The permanent nature of orchards and the influence of the rootstock on the scion, especially by the modifications. In the supply of water and nutrients through the roots (Syvertsen & Albrigo, 1980). The interaction between the rootstocks and cultivars were used as scion should be studied at a local level in order to respond to edaphoclimatic conditions of the study area, which will enhance the recommendations for the growers interested in this crop.

In Colombia, tangelo cv. 'Minneola' and cv. 'Orlando' are the more common cultivated varieties (Orduz & Mateus, 2012), these coming from a the crossing of 'Dancy' tangerine (Citrus reticulate Blanco) and 'Duncan' grapefruit (Citrus paradise Macfad) effectuated by Webber and Swingle (Davies & Albrigo, 1994). Between these two tangelo cultivars, 'Minneola' is the most common in Colombia. Particularly, in Meta department tangelo fruit is the highest value citrus in domestic market. 'Minneola' tangelo crops is cultivated in 'Meta' are less susceptible to 'alternaria' disease and its production range between 15 and 40 tons/year in 'Lejanias' municipality (Orduz et al., 2007). Davies & Albrigo (1994), describe 'Cleopatra' tangerine as rootstock with medium tolerance to Phytophthora sp., and viral diseases as Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV), exocortis and psoriasis (Castle, 1987). Opposite to this Orduz-rodríguez et al. (2011), asseverate that in edaphoclimatic conditions presents in Meta's piedmont would limit the 'Cleopatra' productive potential, different orange and citrus hybrids (including tangelo) because it induces a late production entrance and the diminishing of fruit size when the trees reach a productive age. Also, has been reported that induce a big size of canopy in tropical conditions (Cunha et al., 2013), this difficult cultural labors, reduce productive efficiency in orchard, and investment profitability.

In order to offer technological assistance oriented to improve competitiveness of citrus fruits growers of Meta piedmont-Colombia, an experiment was established. The aim of this research was to evaluate the vegetative response, yield, productive efficiency and fruit quality of 'Minneola' tangelo grafted over six rootstock used in Colombian citrus crops.

Materials and methods

The orchard was located in the research center 'La Libertad' (4º 03'N - 73º29' W) with an altitude of 336 m.a.s.l. The experiment was established in a soil of high plains, classified as Typic Haplustox, and clay-loam texture recommended for citrus crops in the region. Experimental area is located in tropical rain forest climate zone, according to Holdridge classification (IGAC, 2014) . It has monomodal rainfall regimen, average rainfall of 2955 mm, average temperature of 26°C and 80% of relative humidity.

Trees were planted in the second semester of 1997; plant distance was 8m between rows and 5m between plants. Experimental unit was make up by four trees. The experimental design was a completely block randomized, including six treatments according to the number of rootstocks (Table 1) and three replicates. Weed control, fertilization and agronomic manage were made according to recommendations from Orduz & Baquero (2003), for soils of high plains of Meta piedmont.

Table 1: Evaluated rootstocks

Experimental rootstocks plants were propagated in a greenhouse using seeds provided by mother trees of Corpoica 'Palmira', Valle-Colombia. In turn, local crops provided a commercial scion. Yearly tree production, vegetative growth and fruit quality were documented.

Vegetative growth was yearly sized during dry season, between December and February since 1998 to 2010. The north-south and east-west Canopy diameter and tree height were registered. Upon these values canopy volume was estimated using the Turrell (1946) formula (Equation 1).

Where:

H= height of canopy

D= diameter.

Productive efficiency was obtained with the relation between canopy volume and annual production, this was expressed in kg of fruit produced by cubic meter of canopy (kg.m-3).

To determine productive performance, trees were harvested individually and sum the production of the year from the period 2000 to 2010. The total sum of this, is the cumulative production per rootstocks. At the end of each harvest, a sample of 10 fruits per experimental unit were taken for quality fruit analysis. It included weight, longitudinal and transversal diameter and juice percent. Juice volume was determined through a calibrated test tube, total soluble solids (TSS), were calculated using a handy refractometer, and total titratable acid was determined by NaOH 0.1 N titration.

For ANOVA proceeding, to determine the effects of 'Minneola' tangelo, the data were processed and analyzed using SAS software 2003 (r) and for mean separation, was used multiple range test with Tukey statistical error at 5%.

Results and discussion

Production

The rootstocks with the better accumulated productions in the evaluated period were as follows: 'Citrume' with 1388.3 kg tree-1 and 'Cleopatra' with 893.2 kg tree-1 (Table 2). 'Carrizo', obtained the lowest production in every year evaluated also the rootstock with the lowest cumulated production with 182.9 kg m-1. According to Table 2, Cleopatra was confirmed as a rootstock that induces a late entrance to production in 'Minneola' tangelo.

Sunki x English (SxE) and Sunki x Jacobson (SxJ) were middle rootstocks regarding cumulated production with 811.8 and 794 kg tree-1, respectively. These had a lower performance than 'Cleopatra'. However, they showed a constant productive according to Table 2 results. In addition, 'Volkamerian' had a cumulated production of 661.1 kg tree-1, behind SxE and SxJ outcomes.

Table 2: Yearly and total production per tree of 'Minneola' tangelo grafted over six rootstocks

Values with different letter in each column indicates significant differences (P<0.05)

Vegetative growth

Accumulated data in 12 years of records showed that 'Cleopatra' obtained the higher trees in average (Table 3), reaching the max height of 7.1m in 2010. This without statistical differences contrasting to 'Swingle' citrumelo. The others rootstocks were in a similar range of height.

Table 3: Tree height of 'Minneola' tangelo grafted over six rootstocks

Values with different letter in each column indicates significant differences (P<0.05)

In the last evaluation year, 'Cleopatra' was the rootstock that induces the biggest canopy volume in 'Minneola' tangelo reaching 212.9 m3, followed by 'Citrumelo' and 'Volkamerian' in the same statistic group with values of 181.1 and 180.6 m3 each one. In descendent order, the SxE and SxJ varieties showed intermediate values. The rootstock with lowest values was 'Carrizo' with 111.8 m3 (Table 4).

Table 4: Canopy volume (m3) of 'Minneola' in tangelo grafted over six rootstocks

Values with different letter in each column indicates significant differences (P<0.05)

In Table 5, the data indicates that 'Swingle' citrumelo was the best productive efficiency with 1.15 kg m-3. It was better than 'Cleopatra' register of 0.74 kg m-3. SxE and SxJ, also showed superior productive efficiency over 'Cleopatra's' performance. Although, they had a lower cumulate production, they could reach a better yield per area because the lower size of trees. 'Volkamerian' rootstock showed a middle productive efficiency with 0.75 kg m-3, otherwise 'Carrizo' was the rootstock with lowest values.

Table 5: Productive efficiency of 'Minneola' tangelo grafted over six rootstocks

Values with different letter in each column indicates significant differences (P<0.05)

Fruit quality

Concerning the fruit weight were not reported differences between fresh fruit in the evaluated rootstocks. The biggest mean fruit weight was obtained by 'Swingle' citrumelo with a difference of 25 g respect of SxJ and 'Volkamerian'. SxE showed and intermedium fruit weight (360.8 g) between the other five rootstocks, otherwise 'Cleopatra' and 'Carrizo' induce a low fruit weight with 338.0 g and 305.7, respectively (Table 6).

There was not significant difference for juice content among rootstocks. However, SxE obtained the best juice content (47.5 %), in contrast 'Carrizo' juicer percentage was 39.41%, being the rootstock with lowest juice content. 'Swingle' citrumelo obtained the best fresh fruit weight, without having the best juice percentage. In the parameter of TSS the 'Carrizo', 'Swingle' 'Cleopatra' and SxJ were the rootstocks with highest values without statistical differences among them, followed by SxE and 'Volkamerian', these were the lowest values.

'Carrizo' was the rootstock that produce the 'Minneola' fruits with highest TTA (0.9) showing statistical differences in respect to the others rootstocks, except SxJ. These characteristics has led to the fruit produced by 'Carrizo' reach later the commercial maturity. The TTA values of 9 month fruits oscillated between 0.6 and 0.7. For citrus fruit ratio TSS/TTA values over 9, guarantee and optimum fruit maturity. Respect that, all rootstocks were over 9 value, however 'Carrizo' produced the fruit with lowest value (10.6). The other rootstocks range of 12.4 to 15.4, being 'Swingle' the rootstock with the highest value. 'Swingle' must be evaluated to determine an early harvest for trees grafted over this rootstock.

Table 6: Fruit quality of 'Minneola' tangelo grafted over six rootstocks

Accumulated data aims to 'Swingle' citrumelo, was the best rootstock for fruit production in Meta piedmont conditions, followed by 'Cleopatra' SxE, 'Volkamerian', SxJ and 'Carrizo'. In this sense, Levy & Lifshitz (1995), in the evaluation of 7 rootstocks found that 'Cleopatra', was superiror than 'Volkamerian' and 'Carrizo' when they were grafted under 'Minneola' tangelo; while was true that 'Swingle' was not in this evaluation. The performance of the others rootstocks were similar to the present experiment. In other commercial scion species, like 'Arrayana' (Citrus reticulate Blanco.) and 'Folha Murcha' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck.), 'Swingle' citrumelo had showed best productive outcomes in respect to the others evaluated rootstocks (Orduz-Rodríguez et al., 2006; Cantuarias-Aviles et al., 2011).

In Table 2, were 2 productive pikes for the evaluated period, one in 2005 and the other in 2008. Before these years, there was a fall for two productive cycles (years) 2006-2007 for the first year and 2009-2010 for the second. This suggest a recovery time for the plants after a high production. This alternation was similar in 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck.) established in the tropical lowlands in 'La Libertad' research center, where is mentioned that the behavior could be influenced by the recovery of plants after a high energetic inversion realized by the trees in years of peak production. It is mentioned as years "on" where the plants responds through the development of vegetative shoots and the diminishing of flowering shoots in the next years known as "off" years (Orduz-Rodríguez & Garzón, 2012; Chaparro-Zambrano et al., 2015). However, in this "off" years 'Swingle' citrumelo, was the rootstock with best cumulated production per tree, signaling a good adaptation to the environmental conditions of Meta piedmont.

'Cleopatra' was characterized as a rootstock that produce big and vigorous trees, with a depth and numerous dense root system (Davies & Albrigo, 1994). Orduz-Rodríguez et al. (2006), found that after seven year of evaluation in 'Arrayana' tangerine grafted over six rootstocks, 'Cleopatra' was the rootstock that generate the biggest canopy volume even than 'Volkamerian', SxE, SxJ and 'Swingle', the same result as the present experiment. In the same experiment, Orduz-Rodríguez et al. (2006), found that 'Carrizo' was the rootstock that produced trees with less growth values due to his low adaptation to the conditions of acid soil of the Meta piedmont, result that was ratified in 'Minneola' tangelo.

Jackson & Futch (1993), identified 'Minneola' tangelo as a vigorous tree in subtropical conditions, whatever canopy development in tropical condition was even bigger, which can be related to cumulated heat unit, related to annual high temperatures. For Villavicencio located in tropical lowlands, the zone is characterized by a high annual rainfall, relative humidity, and middle temperature; plants can grow continuously during all year permitting the high accumulation of dry mass and producing trees with high foliage and canopy volume, being tangelo one of the biggest citrus cultivars in the world. As probe of this fact, was the canopy volume at 11 years of planted three commercial species in the same location at the same year in 1997, the answer of that was 'Arrayana' 73.12 m3, 'Dancy' tangerine 69,3 m3 and 'Valencia' sweet orange with 43.62 m3; if these is compared to 'Minneola' tangelo with 181.47 m3 of canopy (Chaparro-Zambrano et al., 2015; Mateus-Cagua & Orduz-Rodríguez, 2015). The big size of trees produced in the experiment difficult the pruning and harvest labors, so then is recommended to evaluate rootstocks that produce medium or dwarf trees, sizes that allow plantation with high density and best or similar yields to increase the income per hectare.

With respect to fruit quality, the fresh fruit weight range between 304 and 400 g, and a juice percentage of 39 and 47%. In other experiments, Levy & Lifshitz (1995), obtained fruit smaller size with weights between 117 and 134 g and a juice percentage of 54-56% in the rootstocks 'Cleopatra', 'Volkamerian' and 'Carrizo'. Escalona et al. (1998), obtained in 'Orlando' tangelo fruits with the fresh weight of 180.92 g. Fallahi et al. (1991), in their experiment in 'Orlando' tangelo obtained the best ratio of TSS/TTA when was grafted over 'Carrizo' 13,1 and 'Volkamerian' of 13,5. However, the best rootstock in the current experiment shows a high ratio indicating that it could induce and early fruit picking, this rootstock produced lower trees and best fruit weight in tropical lowland conditions.

Conclusion

After the performed experiment is possible to conclude. Firstly, the 'Swingle' citrumelo has increased the production per tree of 'Minneola' tangelo in a 36% compared to the local commercial rootstock 'Cleopatra'. Secondly, the best productive efficiency of 'Minneola' tangelo was obtained when it was grafted in 'Swingle' citrumelo (35% superior to 'Cleopatra'), followed by SxE and SxJ. Thirdly, the rootstocks evaluated still produce big trees, so then is necessary to probe dwarfing rootstocks, in order to increase plantation density and facilitate cropping and harvesting activities. Finally, all rootstocks accomplished the commercial requirements for fruit quality.

References

Cantuarias-Aviles, T., Mourão Filho, F.A., Stuchi, S.R., da Silva, E.S. & Espinoza-Nuñez, E. (2011). Horticultural performance of "Folha Murcha"sweet orange onto twelve rootstocks. Sci Hortic, 129(2), 259-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.039 [Link]

Castle, W. (1987). Citrus rootstocks. In: Rom, R.C., Carlson, R.F. (Eds.), Rootstocks for fruit crops. Wiley & Sons, New York.pp. 361-369.

Chaparro-Zambrano, H.N., Velásquez, H.A. & Orduz-Rodríguez, J.O. (2015). Performance of "Valencia" sweet orange grafted in different rootstocks, Colombia Tropical Lowland. 2001-2013. Agron Colomb, 33(1), 43-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v33n1.49497 [Link]

Cunha, A.P., Sampaio, O. & Soares, W. (2013). Cultivares porta-enxerto. In: Cunha Sobrinho, A.P. da, de Jesus Magalhães, A.F., da SilvaSouza, A., Sampaio Passos, O., dos Santos SoaresFilho, W. (Eds.), Cultura dos citros. Embrapa, Brasilia. pp. 233-292.

Davies, F. & Albrigo, L. (1994). Cultivo de las plantas. In: Cítricos. CAB International, Wallingford. pp.125-185.

Escalona, G.L., Monteverde, E.E., Rangel, L. & Espinoza, M. (1998). Evaluación de la calidad en frutos de naranjos, mandarinos, pomelos e híbridos injertados sobre Cleopatra. Bioagro, 10(2), 35-39.

Fallahi, E., Mousavi, Z. & Rodney, D.R. (1991). Performance of Orlando tangelo trees on ten rootstocks in Arizona. J Am Soc Hortic Sci, 116(1), 2-5.

IGAC- Instituto Geográfico Agustín Cosdazzi. (2014). Geoportal. http://geoportal.igac.gov.co:8888/siga_sig/Agrologia.seam [Link]

Jackson, L.K., & Futch, S.H. (1993). Minneola Tangelo. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS (Eds.). http://manatee.ifas.ufl.edu/lawn_and_garden/master-gardener/gardening-manatee-style/c/citrus-minneola-tangelo.pdf [Link]

Levy, Y. & Lifshitz, J. (1995). Alemow (Citrus macrophylla Wester.), compared with six other rootstocks for nucellar "Minneola"tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. X Citrus reticulata Blanco). Sci Hortic , 61(1-2),131-137.

Mateus-Cagua, D. & Orduz-Rodríguez, J.O. (2015). Mandarina Dancy: una nueva alternativa para la citricultura del piedemonte llanero de Colombia. Corpoica Cienc y Tecnol Agropecu,16(1),105-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol16_num1_art:384 [Link]

Orduz-Rodríguez, J.O., Arango-Wiesner, L., Monroy, H. & Fischer, G. (2006). Performance of Arrayana mandarin on six rootstocks in acid soils of the piedemonte Llanero of Colombia. Agron Colomb , 24(2), 266-273.

Orduz-Rodríguez, J.O., Calderón, C.L., Castiblanco, S.G. & Velasquez, R.H. (2011). Potencial de rendimiento y calidad de 13 variedades e híbridos comerciales de cítricos en condiciones del piedemonte llanero de Colombia. Rev Colomb Ciencias Hortícolas, 5(2),171-185.

Orduz-Rodríguez, J.O. & Garzón, D. L. (2012). Alternancia de la producción y comportamiento fenológico de la naranja "Valencia" (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) en el trópico bajo húmedo de Colombia. Rev Corpoica Cienc y Tecnol Agropecu ,13(2),136-44.

Orduz, J. & Baquero, J. (2003). Aspectos basicos para el cultivo de los citricos en el piedemonte llanero. Achagua, 7(9), 7-19.

Orduz, J.O., Chancon, D. & Linares, B. (2007). Evaluación del potencial de rendimiento de tres especies y un híbrido de cítricos en la región del Ariari del departamento del Meta ( Colombia ) durante doce años, 1991-2003. Orinoquia, 11(2),41-48.

Orduz, J. & Mateus, D. (2012). Generalidades de los cítricos y recomendaciones agronómicas para su cultivo en Colombia. Corporación Universitaria Lasallista (Eds.). pp. 49-88.

Syvertsen, J.P. & Albrigo, L. (1980). Some effects of grapefruit tree canopy position on microclimate, water relations, fruit yield, and juice quality. J Am Soc Hortic Sci ,105(3), 454-459.

Turrell, F.M. (1946). Tables of surfaces and volumes of spheres and of prolate and oblate spheroids, and spheroidal coefficients. University of California Press

Referencias

Cantuarias-Aviles, T., Mourão Filho, F.A., Stuchi, S.R., da Silva, E.S. & Espinoza-Nuñez, E. (2011). Horticultural performance of “Folha Murcha”sweet orange onto twelve rootstocks. Sci Hortic, 129(2), 259–265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.039

Castle, W. (1987). Citrus rootstocks. In: Rom, R.C., Carlson, R.F. (Eds.), Rootstocks for fruit crops. Wiley & Sons, New York.pp. 361-369.

Chaparro-Zambrano, H.N., Velásquez, H.A. & Orduz-Rodríguez, J.O. (2015). Performance of “Valencia” sweet orange grafted in different rootstocks, Colombia Tropical Lowland. 2001-2013. Agron Colomb, 33(1), 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v33n1.49497

Cunha, A.P., Sampaio, O. & Soares, W. (2013). Cultivares porta-enxerto. In: Cunha Sobrinho, A.P. da, de Jesus Magalhães, A.F., da SilvaSouza, A., Sampaio Passos, O., dos Santos SoaresFilho, W. (Eds.), Cultura dos citros. Embrapa, Brasilia. pp. 233-292.

Davies, F. & Albrigo, L. (1994). Cultivo de las plantas. In: Cítricos. CAB International, Wallingford. pp.125-185.

Escalona, G.L., Monteverde, E.E., Rangel, L. & Espinoza, M. (1998). Evaluación de la calidad en frutos de naranjos, mandarinos, pomelos e híbridos injertados sobre Cleopatra. Bioagro, 10(2), 35–39.

Fallahi, E., Mousavi, Z. & Rodney, D.R. (1991). Performance of Orlando tangelo trees on ten rootstocks in Arizona. J Am Soc Hortic Sci, 116(1), 2–5.

IGAC- Instituto Geográfico Agustín Cosdazzi. (2014). Geoportal. http://geoportal.igac.gov.co:8888/siga_sig/Agrologia.seam

Jackson, L.K., & Futch, S.H. (1993). Minneola Tangelo. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS (Eds.). http://manatee.ifas.ufl.edu/lawn_and_garden/master-gardener/gardening-manatee-style/c/citrus-minneola-tangelo.pdf

Levy, Y. & Lifshitz, J. (1995). Alemow (Citrus macrophylla Wester.), compared with six other rootstocks for nucellar “Minneola”tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. X Citrus reticulata Blanco). Sci Hortic, 61(1–2),131–137.

Mateus-Cagua, D. & Orduz-Rodríguez, J.O. (2015). Mandarina Dancy: una nueva alternativa para la citricultura del piedemonte llanero de Colombia. Corpoica Cienc y Tecnol Agropecu,16(1),105–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol16_num1_art:384

Orduz-Rodríguez, J.O., Arango-Wiesner, L., Monroy, H. & Fischer, G. (2006). Performance of Arrayana mandarin on six rootstocks in acid soils of the piedemonte Llanero of Colombia. Agron Colomb, 24(2), 266–273.

Orduz-rodríguez, J.O., Calderón, S.C.G. & H.V. R. (2011). Potencial de rendimiento y calidad de 13 variedades e híbridos comerciales de cítricos en condiciones del piedemonte llanero de Colombia. Rev Colomb Ciencias Hortícolas, 5(2),171–185.

Orduz-Rodríguez, J.O. & Garzón, D. L. (2012). Alternancia de la producción y comportamiento fenológico de la naranja “Valencia” (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) en el trópico bajo húmedo de Colombia. Rev Corpoica Cienc y Tecnol Agropecu,13(2),136–44.

Orduz, J. & Baquero, J. (2003). Aspectos basicos para el cultivo de los citricos en el piedemonte llanero. Achagua, 7(9), 7–19.

Orduz, J.O., Chancon, D.& Linares, B. (2007). Evaluación del potencial de rendimiento de tres especies y un híbrido de cítricos en la región del Ariari del departamento del Meta ( Colombia ) durante doce años, 1991-2003. Orinoquia, 11(2),41–48.

Orduz, J. & Mateus, D. (2012). Generalidades de los cítricos y recomendaciones agronómicas para su cultivo en Colombia. Corporación Universitaria Lasallista (Eds.). pp. 49–88.

Syvertsen, J.P. & Albrigo, L. (1980). Some effects of grapefruit tree canopy position on microclimate, water relations, fruit yield, and juice quality. J Am Soc Hortic Sci,105(3), 454–459.

Turrell, F.M. (1946). Tables of surfaces and volumes of spheres and of prolate and oblate spheroids, and spheroidal coefficients. University of California Press.

Cómo citar

APA

Chaparro, H., Hernández, D. R., Mateus, D. M. y Orduz Rodriguez, J. O. (2017). Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010). Acta Agronómica, 66(3), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v66n3.52799

ACM

[1]
Chaparro, H., Hernández, D.R., Mateus, D.M. y Orduz Rodriguez, J.O. 2017. Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010). Acta Agronómica. 66, 3 (jul. 2017), 397–402. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v66n3.52799.

ACS

(1)
Chaparro, H.; Hernández, D. R.; Mateus, D. M.; Orduz Rodriguez, J. O. Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010). Acta Agron. 2017, 66, 397-402.

ABNT

CHAPARRO, H.; HERNÁNDEZ, D. R.; MATEUS, D. M.; ORDUZ RODRIGUEZ, J. O. Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010). Acta Agronómica, [S. l.], v. 66, n. 3, p. 397–402, 2017. DOI: 10.15446/acag.v66n3.52799. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/acta_agronomica/article/view/52799. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.

Chicago

Chaparro, Hans, David Ricardo Hernández, Diana Mayerly Mateus, y Javier Orlando Orduz Rodriguez. 2017. «Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)». Acta Agronómica 66 (3):397-402. https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v66n3.52799.

Harvard

Chaparro, H., Hernández, D. R., Mateus, D. M. y Orduz Rodriguez, J. O. (2017) «Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)», Acta Agronómica, 66(3), pp. 397–402. doi: 10.15446/acag.v66n3.52799.

IEEE

[1]
H. Chaparro, D. R. Hernández, D. M. Mateus, y J. O. Orduz Rodriguez, «Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)», Acta Agron., vol. 66, n.º 3, pp. 397–402, jul. 2017.

MLA

Chaparro, H., D. R. Hernández, D. M. Mateus, y J. O. Orduz Rodriguez. «Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)». Acta Agronómica, vol. 66, n.º 3, julio de 2017, pp. 397-02, doi:10.15446/acag.v66n3.52799.

Turabian

Chaparro, Hans, David Ricardo Hernández, Diana Mayerly Mateus, y Javier Orlando Orduz Rodriguez. «Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)». Acta Agronómica 66, no. 3 (julio 1, 2017): 397–402. Accedido marzo 28, 2024. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/acta_agronomica/article/view/52799.

Vancouver

1.
Chaparro H, Hernández DR, Mateus DM, Orduz Rodriguez JO. Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010). Acta Agron. [Internet]. 1 de julio de 2017 [citado 28 de marzo de 2024];66(3):397-402. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/acta_agronomica/article/view/52799

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