Published

2015-09-01

Evidence of gene flow between transgenic and non-transgenic maize in Colombia

Evidencia de flujo de genes entre maíces transgénicos y no transgénicos in Colombia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v33n3.51501

Keywords:

genetically modified crop, gene flow, Zea mays, conventional variety, landrace, introduced varieties, legal frameworks (en)
cultivo genéticamente modificado, flujo de genes, Zea mays, variedad convencional, variedad local, introducción de variedades, marco jurídico (es)

Authors

  • Alejandro Chaparro-Giraldo Universidad Nacional de Colombia
  • Jennifer Teresa Blanco M. Universidad Nacional de Colombia
  • Silvio Alejandro López-Pazos Universidad Antonio Nariño
Maize (Zea mays) is an important crop worldwide and is essential for industry. Many transgenic cultivars of maize have been developed over the years from this species, producing cultivars resistant to herbicides and insects, among other things. However, little is known about the gene f low processes that affect maize fields in Colombia, which is near the center of diversity for cultivated maize. We analyzed the gene f low phenomenon of 60 randomly chosen plots of maize, including farmer field landraces or other conventional varieties such as non-transgenic hybrids in Valle de San Juan (Colombia) using Inmunostrip®, PCR and ELISA tests on leaves (seed gene f low) and seeds (pollen gene f low). more than 88% of the plots were positive with the Inmunostrip® and PCR tests (35s promoter, Nos terminator and cry1F gene), using the leaves, while the remaining seven plots (12%) were positive for transgenic sequences in the seeds. The results indicated a significant level of overall transgene existence, which is consistent with gene f low from transgenic events. All of the field types (conventional maize, buffer zones, refuge, and Colombian landraces) showed evidence of a transgene presence. There are many problems that could increase the gene f low potential in Valle de San Juan, such as little respect for regulations (Colombian Decree 4525 on transgenic crops and biosafety), distance between transgenic and non-transgenic maize or use of refuge and/or buffer zones, high seed reuse and exchange and low technical assistance. Every policy decision must be made in light of scientific standards of judgment.
El maíz (Zea mays) es un cultivo de importancia mundial para la alimentación, y es esencial para la industria. Varios cultivares transgénicos de maíz se han desarrollado durante los últimos años, para lograr resistencia a herbicidas y plagas entre otras características. Sin embargo, poco se conoce acerca de los procesos de f lujo de genes que afectan a las poblaciones de maíz en campo, especialmente en Colombia, que está cerca de los centros de diversidad de este cultivo. Se analizó el fenómeno de flujo de genes en 60 parcelas de maíz (incluyendo variedades locales de agricultores y otras variedades convencionales) en el Valle de San Juan (Colombia) utilizando Inmunostrip®, PCR y ELISA sobre muestras de hojas (f lujo de genes vía semilla) y semillas (f lujo de genes vía polen). El 88% de las parcelas fueron positivas para las pruebas de Inmunostrip® y PCR (para identificación del promotor 35s, el terminador Nos y el gen cry1F) sobre hojas (flujo de genes vía semilla), mientras las siete parcelas restantes (12%) fueron positivas para transgenes en semillas (flujo de genes vía polen). Los resultados indicaron un nivel importante de presencia de secuencias transgénicas, consistente con flujo de genes. Todos los tipos de campo (maíz convencional, zonas de amortiguamiento, de refugio, y zonas con variedades locales colombianas) mostraron presencia de transgenes. Hay varios problemas identificados en el Valle de San Juan, como poco respeto por la normatividad legal (especialmente el decreto colombiano 4525 sobre cultivos transgénicos y bioseguridad), la falta de conservación de la distancia entre el maíz transgénico y no transgénico, o el uso de zonas refugio y/o de amortiguamiento, alta reutilización e intercambio de semillas y escasa asistencia técnica. En este contexto cada decisión para regulación de estos hallazgos debe hacerse a la luz de estándares científicos.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agro-bio. 2015. Estadísticas de cultivos GM en Colombia. In: http://agrobio.org.co/fend/index.php?op=YXA9I2JXbDQmaW09I016UT0; consulted: November, 2015.

Agrobio-CEGA. 2010. El beneficio económico por la adopción de la tecnología de OGM para maíz en Colombia. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota.

Andow, D.A., S.L. Farrell, and Y. Hu. 2010. Planting patterns of in-field refuges observed for Bt maize in Minnesota. J. Econ. Entomol. 103, 1394-1399. Doi: 10.1603/EC09201

Avila M., K., A. Chaparro-Giraldo, G. Reyes M., and C. Silva C. 2011. Production cost analysis and use of pesticides in the transgenic and conventional corn crop [Zea mays (L.)] in the valley of San Juan, Tolima. GM Crops 2, 163-168. Doi: 10.4161/gmcr.2.3.17591

Baltazar, B.M., L. Castro E., A. Espinoza B., J.M. de la Fuente M., J.A. Garzón T., J. González G., M.A. Gutiérrez, J.L. Guzmán R., O. Heredia D., M.J. Horak, J.I. Madueño M., A.W. Schapaugh, D. Stojšin, H.R. Uribe M., and F. Zavala G. 2015. Pollen-mediated gene f low in maize: implications for isolation requirements and coexistence in Mexico, the center of origin of maize. PloS ONE 10, e0131549. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131549

Bannert, M. and P. Stamp. 2007. Cross-pollination of maize at long distance. Eur. J. Agron. 27, 44-51. Doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.002

Beckie, H.J. and L.M. Hall. 2008. Simple to complex: modelling crop pollen-mediated gene f low. Plant Sci. 175, 615-628. Doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.05.021

Beckie, H.J., S.I. Warwick, H. Nair, and G. Ségin-Swartz. 2003. Gene f low in commercial fields of herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus). Ecol. Appl. 13, 1276-1294. Doi: 10.1890/02-5231

Bellon, M.R. and J. Berthaud. 2004. Transgenic maize and the evolution of landrace diversity in Mexico: the importance of farmers' behavior. Plant Physiol. 134, 883-888. Doi: 10.1104/pp.103.038331

Chaparro-Giraldo, A. 2011. Cultivos transgénicos: entre los riesgos biológicos y los beneficios económicos. Acta Biol. Colomb. 16, 231-352.

Chilcutt, C.F. and B.E. Tabashnik. 2004. Contamination of refuges by Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes from transgenic maize. Proc. Nat l. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 7526-7529. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400546101

Cleveland, D.A., D. Soleri, F.A. Cuevas, J. Crossa, and P. Gepts. 2005. Detecting (trans)gene f low to landraces in centers of crop origin: lessons from the case of maize in Mexico. Environ. Biosafety Res. 4, 197-208. Doi: 10.1051/ebr:2006006

Dalton, R. 2009. Mexico's transgenic maize under fire.Nature 462, 404. Doi: 10.1038/462404a

Danson, J.W., M. Kimani, and M. Mbogori. 2006. Detection of Bacillus thuringiensis genes in transgenic maize for the PCR method and FTA paper technology. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5, 2345-2349.

Devos, Y., D. Reheul, and A. De Schrijver. 2005. The co-existence between transgenic and non-transgenic maize in the European Union: a focus on pollen f low and cross-fertilization. Environ. Biosafety Res. 4, 71-87. Doi: 10.1051/ebr:2005013

Dyer, G.A., J.A. Serratos-Hernández, H.R. Perales, P. Gepts, A. Piñeyro-Nelson, A. Chávez, N. Salinas-Arreortua, A. Yúnez-Naude, J.E. Taylor, and E.R. Alvarez-Buylla. 2009. Dispersal of transgenes through maize seed systems in Mexico. PLoS ONE. 4, e5734. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005734

Eastham, K. and J. Sweet. 2002. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): the significance of gene f low through pollen transfer. Environmental Issue Report No. 28. European Environment Agency (EEA), Copenhagen.

Falcón, L.I. and A. Valera. 2007. Extracción de ácidos nucleicos. pp. 499-515. In: Eguiarte, L.E., V. Souza, and X. Aguirre (eds.). Ecología molecular. Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Conabio, Mexico DF.

Gilbert, A.J. and A. Uribe. 2013. Colombia continues to expand its biotechnology frontier. Agricultural Biotechnology Annual, Colombia. USDA'S Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), Washington DC.

Goggi, A.S., P. Caragea, H. Lopez-Sanchez, M. Westgate, R. Arritt, and C. Clark. 2006. Statistical analysis of outcrossing between adjacente maize grain production fields. Field Crop Res. 99, 147-157. Doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2006.04.005

Grain. 2005. Colombia: declaración del Resguardo Indígena Zenú, Córdoba y Sucre como territorio libre de transgénicos. In: grain.org; www.grain.org/es/article/entries/3729-colombia-declaracion-del-resguardo-indigena-zenu-cordoba-y-sucre-como-territorio-libre-de-transgenicos; consulted: November, 2015.

Haygood, R., A.R. Ives, and D.A. Andow. 2003. Consequences of recurrent gene f low from crops to wild relatives. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B. 270, 1879-1886. Doi: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2426

Henry, C., D. Morgan, R. Weekes, R. Daniels, and C. Boffey. 2003. Farm scale evaluations of GM crops: monitoring gene f low from GM crops to non-GM equivalent crops in the vicinity (contract reference EPG 1/5/138). Part I: Forage Maize. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra); Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, UK.

Heuberger, S., C.E. Ellers-Kirk, B.E. Tabashnik, and Y. Carrière. 2010. Pollen- and seed-mediated transgene f low in commercial cotton seed production fields. PLoS ONE. 5, e1428. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014128

ICA, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. 2010. Resolución No. 2894, por medio de la cual se implementa el plan de manejo, bioseguridad y seguimiento para siembras controladas de maíz genéticamente modificado. Bogota.

Jenczewski, E., J. Ronfort, and A.-M. Chèvre, 2003. Crop-to-wild gene f low, introgression and possible fitness effects of transgenes. Environ. Biosafety Res. 2, 9-24. Doi: 10.1051/ebr:2003001

Lipp, M., P. Brodmann, K. Pietsch, J. Pauwels, and E. Anklam. 1999. IUPAC collaborative trial study of a method to detect genetically modified soy beans and maize in dried powder. J. AOAC Int. 82, 923-928.

Luna V., S., J. Figueroa M., B. Baltazar M., R. Gomez L., R. Townsend, and J.B. Schoper. 2001. Maize pollen longevity and distance isolation requirements for effective pollen control. Crop Sci. 41, 1551-1557. Doi: 10.2135/cropsci2001.4151551x

MADR, Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural de Colom- bia. 2004. El agro colombiano frente al TLC con los Estados Unidos. Bogota.

MADR, Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural de Colombia. 2014. Red de información y comunicación estratégica del sector agropecuario - AGRONET Colombia. In: Agronet, www.agronet.gov.co/; consulted: November, 2015.

Ortiz-García, S., E. Ezcurra, B. Schoel, F. Acevedo, J. Soberón, and A.A. Snow. 2005. Absence of detectable transgenes in local landraces of maize in Oaxaca, Mexico (2003-2004). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 12338-12343. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.0503356102

Palaudelmàs, M., E. Melé, A. Monfort, J. Serra, J. Salvia, and J. Messeguer. 2012. Assessment of the influence of field size on maize gene f low using SSR analysis. Transgenic Res. 21, 471-483. Doi: 10.1007/s11248-011-9549-z

Phillips, M.W., D.C. Astorga, and S.O. Quirós. 2003. Método 2X CTAB-minipreparaciones. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Piñeyro-Nelson, A., J. Va n Heerwaarden, H.R. Perales, J.A. Serratos-Hernández, A. Rangel, M.B. Hufford, P. Gepts, A. Garay-Arroyo, R. Rivera-Bustamante, and E.R. Álvarez-Buylla. 20 09. Transgenes in Mexican maize: molecular evidence and methodological considerations for GMO detection in landrace populations. Mol. Ecol. 18, 750-761. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03993.x

Porcar, M. and V. Juárez-Pérez. 2003. PCR-based identification of Bacillus thuringiensis pesticidal crystal genes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 26, 419-432. Doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2003.tb00624.x

Quist, D. and I.H. Chapela. 2001. Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico. Nature 414, 541-543. Doi: 10.1038/35107068

Rimachi G., L .F., J. Alcántara D., Y. Aquino V., and R. Ortiz. 2011. Detecting adventitious transgenic events in a maize center of diversity. Elect. J. Biotechnol. 14, 9. Doi: 10.2225/vol14-issue4-fulltext-12

Roberts, L.M., U.J. Grant, R. Ramirez E., W.H. Hatheway, D.L. Smith, and P.C. Mangelsdorf. 1957. Races of maize in Colombia. Publication No. 510. National Academy of Sciences (NAS); National Research Council (NRC), Washington, DC.

Sears, M.K., R.L. Hellmich, D.E. Stanley-Horn, K.S. Oberhauser, J.M. Pleasants, H.R. Mattila, B.D. Siegfried, and G.P. Dively. 2001. Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: a risk assessment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11937-11942. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.211329998

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2000. Cartagena protocol on biosafety to the convention on biological diversity: text and annexes. Montreal, Canada.

Serratos-Hernández, J.A., F. Islas-Gutiérrez, E. Buendía-Rodríguez, and J. Berthaud. 2004. Gene f low scenarios with transgenic maize in Mexico. Environ. Biosafety Res. 3, 149-157. Doi: 10.1051/ebr:2004013

Soleri, D., D.A. Cleveland, F. Aragón C., M.R. Fuentes L., H. Ríos L., and S.H. Sweeney. 2005. Understanding the potential impact of transgenic crops in traditional agriculture: maize farmers' perspectives in Cuba, Guatemala and Mexico. Environ. Biosafety Res. 4, 141-166. Doi: 10.1051/ebr:2005019

SICC, Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio de Colombia. 2014. Cadena productiva del maíz. Industrias de alimentos balanceados y harina de maíz. Bogota.

Treu, R. and J. Emberlin. 2000. Pollen dispersal in the crops maize (Zea mays), oil seed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Soil Association, Bristol, UK.

Van den Bulcke, M., A. De Schrijver, D. De Bernardi, Y. Devos, G. MbongoMbella, A.L. Casi, W. Moens, and M. Sneyers. 2007. Detection of genetically modified plant products by protein strip testing: an evaluation of real-life samples. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 225, 49-57. Doi: 10.1007/s00217-006-0381-2

Viljoen, C. and L. Chetty. 2011. A case study of GM maize gene flow in South Africa. Environ. Sci. Eur. 23, 1-8. Doi: 10.1186/2190-4715-23-8