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El origen de los humedales peruanos y su relación con los procesos geológico-ambientales de Sudamérica: Una revisión
The origin of Peruvian wetlands and their relationship with the geologicalenvironmental processes of South America: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v46n2.104179Palabras clave:
Evolución, Historia, Humedales Amazónicos, Humedales Andinos, Humedales Costeros (es)Amazonian Wetlands, Andean Wetlands, Costal Wetlands, Evolution, History (en)
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El Perú cuenta con diversos humedales altamente productivos, distribuidos en sus tres regiones geográficas (costa, sierra y selva). Estos ecosistemas han estado sometidos a diversos eventos hidrometereológicos, climáticos y antrópicos. El análisis de su origen puede servir para identificar cambios en el entorno geomórfico e hidrológico, así como procesos evolutivos biológicos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo sintetizar la información existente sobre los procesos geológico-ambientales que definen el origen de los humedales actuales peruanos. Fruto de una compilación sistemática de la literatura (usando las plataformas Science Direct, Scopus y Scielo) se encontraron 144 artículos relacionados a su historia reciente. El origen de los humedales andinos está direccionado por procesos tectónicos (entre los 16 Ma y 4 Ma), desglaciaciones (después del Último Máximo Glacial), calentamientos (durante el Holoceno) y el afloramiento de aguas subterráneas. Los humedales amazónicos tienen su origen hace 24 Ma a partir de un sistema fluvial, pasando por una fase de mega humedal (Pebas) y adquiriendo su configuración actual (sistema de drenaje) hace 2,5 millones de años. La formación de humedales de la costa está ligada a cuatro procesos: incursiones marinas, eventos meteorológicos como el ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation), actividades antrópicas relacionados a escorrentías y por filtración de aguas subterráneas. Se describe el rol de las actividades humanas en la configuración actual de estos humedales, así como los vacíos de información para la historia de los humedales de cada región.
Peru has various highly productive wetlands distributed in three geographical regions. These ecosystems have been subjected to many hydrometeorological, climatic, and anthropic events. Therefore, the analysis of its origin can identify changes in the geomorphic and hydrological environment and biological evolutionary processes. The objective of this article was to synthesize the existing information about geological-environmental processes that define the origin of current Peruvian wetlands. As a result of a systematic compilation of the literature (using the Science Direct, Scopus, and Scielo platforms), 144 articles related to its recent history were found. The origin of Andean wetlands is directed by tectonic processes (between 16 Ma and 4 Ma), deglaciation (after the Last Glacial Maximum), warming (during the Holocene), and water outcrop. The Amazonian wetlands have their origin in 24 Ma from a fluvial system, passing through a mega-wetland phase (Pebas) and acquiring their current configuration (drainage system) 2.5 million years ago. The formation of coastal wetlands is linked to four processes: marine incursions, meteorological events such as ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation), human activities related to runoff, and groundwater seepage. The role of human activities in the current configuration of these wetlands was described. Also, the information gaps in the history of the wetlands in each region are identified.
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