Publicado

2014-07-01

LATE GLACIAL AND HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE INFERRED FROM THE PÁRAMO OF CAJANUMA IN THE PODOCARPUS NATIONAL PARK, SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Cambios ambientales durante el Último Glacial y Holoceno inferidos del páramo de Cajanuma en el Parque Nacional Podocarpus, sur del Ecuador

Palabras clave:

Palaeoecology, páramo, late Glacial, Holocene, climate and fire dynamics (en)
Paleoecología, páramo, Último Glacial, Holoceno, dinámica del clima y el fuego (es)

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Autores/as

  • Andrea Villota Herbario QCA, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
  • Hermann Behling Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen
To reconstruct the environmental history including vegetation, fire and climate dynamics, from the Cajanuma valley area ( 3285 m elevation) in the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador , we address the following major research question: (1) How did the mountain vegetation developed during the late Glacial and Holocene? (2) Did fire played an important control on the vegetation change and was it natural or of anthropogenic origin?. Palaeoenvironmental changes were investigated using multiple proxies such as pollen, spores, charcoal analyses and radiocarbon dating. Pollen data indicated that during the late Glacial and transition to the early Holocene (ca. 16 00010 500 cal yr BP) herb páramo was the main vegetation type around the study area, while subpáramo and mountain rainforest were scarcely represented. The early and mid-Holocene (ca. 10 500 to 5600 cal yr BP) is marked by high abundance of páramo during the early Holocene followed by a slight expansion of mountain forest during the mid-Holocene. During the mid- to late Holocene (ca. 56001200 cal yr BP) there is a significant presence of páramo and subpáramo while Lower Mountain Forest decreased substantially, although, Upper Mountain Forest remained relatively stable during this period. The late Holocene, from ca. 1200 cal yr BP to present, was characterized by páramo; however, mountain forest and subpáramo presented significantly abundance compared to the previous periods. Fires became frequent since the late Holocene. The marked increased local and regional fire intensity during the wetter late Holocene strongly suggests that were of anthropogenic origin. During the late Glacial and early Holocene, the upper forest line was located at low elevations; but shifted slightly upslope to higher elevations during the mid-Holocene.

Para reconstruir la historia ambiental, incluyendo la dinámica de la vegetación, el fuego y el clima, del área del valle de Cajanuma ( 3.285 m de altitud) en el Parque Nacional Podocarpus, sur del Ecuador, nos planteamos las siguientes preguntas de investigación: (1) ¿Cómo fue el desarrollo de la vegetación de montaña durante el último glacial y el Holoceno? (2) ¿Acaso el fuego jugó un control importante sobre el cambio de la vegetación y fue éste de tipo natural o de origen antropogénico? Se investigaron cambios paleoambientales mediante múltiples proxy tales como polen, esporas, los análisis de carbón y la datación por radiocarbono. Datos del polen resaltan que durante la parte final del último glacial y la transición al Holoceno temprano (ca. 16,000-10,500 cal yr BP) el páramo herbáceo fue el principal tipo de vegetación alrededor de la zona de estudio, mientras que el subpáramo y el bosque montano se encuentran con una baja representación. El Holoceno temprano y medio (ca. 10.500 a 5.600 años cal BP) se encuentran marcados por la alta abundancia de páramo, durante el Holoceno temprano, seguido de una ligera expansión del bosque montano, durante el Holoceno medio. Durante el Holoceno medio y tardío (ca. 5.600-1.200 años cal BP) hay una presencia significativa de páramo y subpáramo mientras que el bosque montano bajo disminuyó sustancialmente. Sin embargo, el bosque montano alto se mantuvo relativamente estable durante este período. El Holoceno tardío (ca. 1200 años AP hasta la actualidad) se caracterizó por vegetación de páramo, aunque, el bosque montano y el subpáramo presentaron una abundancia significativa en comparación con los períodos anteriores. Los incendios se hicieron frecuentes a partir del Holoceno tardío. El aumento marcado de la intensidad del fuego local y regional durante Holoceno tardío, período húmedo, sugiere fuertemente que eran de origen antropogénico. Durante el Último Glacial y Holoceno temprano, la línea superior del bosque se encontró en elevaciones bajas, ésta subió a elevaciones más altas durante el Holoceno medio.

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