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Diversidad taxonómica de Thomisidae (Araneae) en ambientes heterogéneos del sitio Ramsar Humedales Chaco, Argentina
Taxonomic diversity of Thomisidae (Araneae) in heterogeneous environments of the Ramsar site Chaco Wetlands, Argentina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v44n1.83581Palabras clave:
arañas cangrejo, complejidad vegetal, área prioritaria de conservación, disimilitud taxonómica (es)crab spiders, taxonomic dissimilarity, vegetation complexity, priority conservation area (en)
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El sitio Ramsar Humedales Chaco se caracteriza por su heterogeneidad ambiental y elevada diversidad de flora y fauna. Sin embargo, la fragmentación y homogeneización en estos ambientes tiende a afectar negativamente a taxones con baja abundancia o riqueza como los Thomisidae. En este trabajo se analiza la diversidad taxonómica de los ensambles de Thomisidae en ambientes con distintos grados de complejidad vegetal. Los muestreos se efectuaron durante los años 2013 a 2016 en pastizales, palmares, bosques abiertos y selvas de galería de siete localidades, mediante las técnicas de golpeteo de follaje, aspirado y observación directa. Se obtuvieron en total 464 individuos y 34 especies/morfoespecies pertenecientes a cinco subfamilias, siete tribus y diez géneros. Los ambientes boscosos mostraron baja diversidad taxonómica (Δ+) y altos valores de variación taxonómica (Λ+), ello refleja un árbol filogenético de Thomisidae poco uniforme debido a una sobrerrepresentación de Tmarus. La elevada riqueza de este género en los bosques sugiere que el mecanismo de ensamblaje del género posiblemente esté mediado por filtros ambientales, donde las condiciones bióticas favorecen la coexistencia de especies, los cuales les permiten sobrevivir en determinados hábitats. En los pastizales y palmares las especies estuvieron uniformemente representadas en el árbol filogenético. Los bosques degradados presentaron una estructura específica y taxonómica más cercana a los ambientes de pastizal y palmar. La inclusión de las relaciones filogenéticas en los análisis de diversidad podría ser clave a la hora de implementar planes de manejo y conservación.
The Ramsar site Chaco Wetlands is characterized by its environmental heterogeneity and high diversity of flora and fauna. However, fragmentation and homogenization of environments tend to negatively affect taxa with low abundance or richness like the Thomisidae spiders. In this work, taxonomic diversity is analyzed for Thomisidae assemblages in those environments with varying degrees of plant complexity. The samples were carried out in grasslands, palm groves, open forests, and gallery forests of seven localities, during the years 2013 to 2016, by the techniques of foliage beating, vacuum sampling, and direct observation. A total of 464 individuals and 34 species/morphospecies were obtained. These samples belong to five subfamilies, seven tribes, and ten genera. Forested environments showed low taxonomic diversity (Δ +) and high values of taxonomic variation (Λ +), this reflects a phylogenetic tree of Thomisidae non-uniform due to an overrepresentation of species of the genus Tmarus. The high species richness of this genus in forests suggests that environmental filters possibly mediate the mechanism of assembly, where biotic conditions favor the coexistence of species, which allow them to survive in certain habitats. In the grasslands and palm groves, the species were uniformly represented in the phylogenetic tree. The degraded forests presented a specific and taxonomic structure closer to the grassland and palm grove environments. The inclusion of phylogenetic relationships in diversity analyzes could be key in implementing management and conservation plans.
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