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Identificación de biomarcadores en camarones expuestos a hidrocarburos aromáticos poli-cíclicos: una revisión sistemática
Biomarkers in shrimps exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a systematic revision
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v46n3.99553Palabras clave:
HAPs, Caridea, Macrobrachium amazonicum, biomonitoreo, Ecotoxicología (es)Ecotoxicology, PAHs, biomonitoring, Caridea, Macrobrachium amazonicum (en)
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Los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) son contaminantes tóxicos que generan riesgos para la salud humana y de los ecosistemas, debido a su persistencia en el ambiente; lo que ha incentivado el uso de herramientas como los biomarcadores obtenidos a partir de un bioindicador. No obstante, en regiones como Sudamérica con gran riqueza de especies acuáticas, y con países donde hay una alta demanda en la extracción de petróleo crudo, las investigaciones mediante el uso de biomarcadores han sido poco exploradas. Así mismo, se han identificado que la respuesta en especies de Caridea (Arthropoda: Malacostraca) en cuerpos de agua cercanos a los sitios contaminados puede proporcionar una advertencia temprana del efecto de los mismos e información para los programas de monitoreo ambiental. Con base en ello, se planteó como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática referente a las especies de camarones como bioindicadores en estudios de contaminación por HAPs y los biomarcadores empleados en estas especies; y adicionalmente proponer una especie de Caridea para estudios de contaminación por HAPs en países de sur América. Como resultado se identificó que Macrobrachium fue el género con más estudios, empleando biomarcadores como CYP1A, actividad EROD, actividad GST, enzimas (SOD, CAT GPS, GSH y LPO), parámetros reproductivos (VTG), genotóxicos (ensayo cometa y de desenrollado de ADN), fisiológicos y morfológicos. Además, se propone a Macrobrachium amazonicum con potencial como bioindicador para la detección temprana de contaminantes dado su distribución y abundancia en países de Sur América como Colombia donde hay una alta demanda de petróleo.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic pollutants that generate risks to human health and ecosystems due to their persistence in the environment, which has encouraged the use of tools such as biomarkers obtained from a bioindicator. However, research using biomarkers has been little explored in regions such as South America with a great wealth of aquatic species, and with countries with a high demand for crude oil extraction. Similarly, it has been identified that the response of shrimps in water bodies near contaminated sites can provide an early warning of the effect of contamination effects and information for environmental monitoring programs. Based on this, our objective was to carry out a systematic review of shrimp species as bioindicators in PAH contamination studies and the biomarkers used in these species; and additionally, to propose a species of Caridea (Arthropoda: Malacostraca) for PAH contamination studies in South American countries. As a result, Macrobrachium was identified as the genus with more studies, using biomarkers such as CYP1A, EROD activity, GST activity, enzymes (SOD, CAT GPS, GSH and LPO), reproductive parameters (VTG), genotoxic (comet assay and DNA unwinding), physiological and morphological parameters are used. In addition, Macrobrachium amazonicum is proposed as a species with potential as a bioindicator for the early detection of contaminants given its distribution and abundance in South American countries such as Colombia where there is a high oil demand.
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