Publicado

2017-10-04

The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom

El crecimiento de la clase media en Ecuador durante el boom petrolero

O crescimento da classe média no Equador durante o boom petroleiro

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65821

Palabras clave:

Ecuador, middle class, inequality, commodities boom (en)
Ecuador, clase media, inequidad, boom de commodities (es)
Equador, classe média, iniquidade, boom das commodities (pt)

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Autores/as

  • Iván Gachet International independent consultant
  • Diego F. Grijalva Universidad San Francisco de Quito
  • Paúl Ponce Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (Senplades)
  • Damián Rodríguez Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
In this paper we analyse the evolution of the middle class in Ecuador during the commodities boom (2005-2015). Using the definition of middle class proposed by López-Calva and Ortiz-Juárez (2014), we document an impressive rise of the middle class, which doubled in this period and peaked at 37.4% of the population in 2015. We show that both economic growth and inequality reduction have played an important role in this social change, although growth is responsible for over three-quarters thereof. Based on an analysis of the macroeconomic and labour conditions associated with the evolution of the middle class, we argue that the recent slow-down in growth and in inequality reduction following the end of the commodities boom poses a risk for the size of the middle class, which represents a serious challenge for policy makers.

En este artículo analizamos la evolución de la clase media en Ecuador durante el boom de los commodities (2005-2015). Utilizando la definición de clase media propuesta por López-Calva y Ortiz-Juárez (2014) documentamos el gran crecimiento de la clase media, la cual se ha duplicado durante este periodo llegando a un pico de 37,4% de la población en 2015. Mostramos que tanto el crecimiento eco-nómico como la reducción de la desigualdad han cumplido un papel importante en esta dinámica, si bien el crecimiento es responsable de más de 3/4 del incremento de la clase media. Basándonos en un análisis de las condiciones macroeconómicas y del mercado laboral, argumentamos que la ralentización del crecimiento y de la reducción de la desigualdad ocurridas luego del final del boom de los commodities presenta un riesgo para el tamaño de la clase media, lo que constituye un serio reto para los hacedores de política.

Nesse artigo analisamos a evolução da classe média no Equador durante o boom das commodities (2005-2015). Utilizando a definição de classe média proposta por López-Calva e Ortiz-Juárez (2014) documentamos o grande crescimento da classe média, a qual duplicou-se durante esse período, atingindo um patamar de 37,4% da população em 2015. Mostramos que tanto o crescimento econômico como a redução da desigualdade cumpriram uma função importante nessa dinâmica, aliás, o crescimento econômico foi responsável por mais de 3/4 no incremento da classe média. Baseando-nos em uma análise das condições macroeconômicas e do mercado de trabalho, argumentamos que a desaceleração do crescimento e da redução da desigualdade ocorridas após o final do boom das commodities apresenta um risco para o tamanho da classe média, o que constitui um sério desafio para os criadores de política.

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Cómo citar

APA

Gachet, I., Grijalva, D. F., Ponce, P. y Rodríguez, D. (2017). The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom. Cuadernos de Economía, 36(72), 327–352. https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65821

ACM

[1]
Gachet, I., Grijalva, D.F., Ponce, P. y Rodríguez, D. 2017. The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom. Cuadernos de Economía. 36, 72 (oct. 2017), 327–352. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65821.

ACS

(1)
Gachet, I.; Grijalva, D. F.; Ponce, P.; Rodríguez, D. The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom. Cuadernos 2017, 36, 327-352.

ABNT

GACHET, I.; GRIJALVA, D. F.; PONCE, P.; RODRÍGUEZ, D. The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom. Cuadernos de Economía, [S. l.], v. 36, n. 72, p. 327–352, 2017. DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65821. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ceconomia/article/view/65821. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2024.

Chicago

Gachet, Iván, Diego F. Grijalva, Paúl Ponce, y Damián Rodríguez. 2017. «The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom». Cuadernos De Economía 36 (72):327-52. https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65821.

Harvard

Gachet, I., Grijalva, D. F., Ponce, P. y Rodríguez, D. (2017) «The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom», Cuadernos de Economía, 36(72), pp. 327–352. doi: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65821.

IEEE

[1]
I. Gachet, D. F. Grijalva, P. Ponce, y D. Rodríguez, «The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom», Cuadernos, vol. 36, n.º 72, pp. 327–352, oct. 2017.

MLA

Gachet, I., D. F. Grijalva, P. Ponce, y D. Rodríguez. «The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom». Cuadernos de Economía, vol. 36, n.º 72, octubre de 2017, pp. 327-52, doi:10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65821.

Turabian

Gachet, Iván, Diego F. Grijalva, Paúl Ponce, y Damián Rodríguez. «The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom». Cuadernos de Economía 36, no. 72 (octubre 4, 2017): 327–352. Accedido abril 20, 2024. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ceconomia/article/view/65821.

Vancouver

1.
Gachet I, Grijalva DF, Ponce P, Rodríguez D. The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom. Cuadernos [Internet]. 4 de octubre de 2017 [citado 20 de abril de 2024];36(72):327-52. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ceconomia/article/view/65821

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CrossRef Cited-by

CrossRef citations3

1. Diego F. Grijalva, Mary Lou Ponsetto, Yelitza Pontón. (2019). Does an oil boom promote firms’ R&D expenditure? Evidence from Ecuador. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 18(2), p.171. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRJIAM-11-2018-0889.

2. Ivan Gachet, Diego F. Grijalva, Paúl A. Ponce, Damián Rodríguez. (2019). Vertical and Horizontal Inequality in Ecuador: The Lack of Sustainability. Social Indicators Research, 145(3), p.861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1810-2.

3. Valeria Ayala, Diego F. Grijalva, Paúl A. Ponce, Yelitza Pontón. (2018). Does firm innovation lead to high growth? Evidence from Ecuadorian firms. Cuadernos de Economía, 37(75), p.697. https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v37n75.68621.

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