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Genesis, mineralogy, and geochemistry of soil profiles developed on volcanic materials under semi-arid conditions from Central Anatolia-Turkey
Génesis, minearología y geoquímica de perfiles de suelo desarrollados con material volcánico bajo condiciones semiáridas en Anatolia Central, Turquía
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n4.100856Keywords:
Karacadağ, Andisols, Weathering, Elemental losses, Allophane, Andic soil properties (en)montañas turcas de Karacadağ, Andisoles, Meteorización, Pérdida de elementos, allofanita, Propiedades andicas del suelo (es)
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Pedogenesis of volcanic soils has been studied broadly in humid regions, but very little data are present regarding these soils in arid and semi-arid regions of Turkey. This research aimed to assess the pedological processes and investigate the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of soil profiles developed from volcanic parent material. The studied soils were not classified as Andisol because they lack andic properties. The results showed that sand and coarse silt fractions exceeded 30%. The bulk density was higher than 0.90 grcm-3 in all profiles. In general, phosphate retention was low, higher than 25% in profiles but lower than 85% in all profiles. The Al + ½ Fed percentages were lower than 2% in all profiles. Selective extraction (Na–Pyrophosphate, Ammonium Oxalate, Na–Dithionite) indicated that soils lack noncrystalline minerals, such as allophane, imogolite, and iron humus complexes. The only noncrystalline minerals in high quantities are Al-humus complexes and small amounts of ferrihydrite. X-ray diffraction indicated that smectite, kaolinite and illite were dominant minerals in the clay fraction. Among the studied profiles, profiles 1 and profile 4 are classified as vitrandic Haploxerept, profile 2 as vitrandic haploxerolls, and profile 3 as vitrandic Xerorthent. The results indicated that the dominant soil-forming processes include the following: 1. desilication and the eluviations of base cations and Al from the solum; and 2. transformation of iron and aluminum from the sand and silt-size fractions into secondary clay and crystalline Fe minerals. The major factors determining soil genesis on Mt. Karacadağ appear to be climate and topography affected by the leaching regime and weathering rates.
La pedogénesis de los suelos volcánicos se ha estudiado ampliamente en regiones húmedas, sin embargo hay muy poca información sobre estos suelos en las regiones áridas y semiáridas de Turquía. Este trabajo se enfoca en evaluar los procesos pedológicos y en investigar las características físicas, químicas y mineralógicas de perfiles de suelo desarrollados con materiales volcánicos. Los suelos estudiados no fueron clasificados como Andisoles porque carecen de propiedades andicas. Los resultados muestran que las arenas y las fracciones de arena granulada exceden el 30 %. La densidad del volumen fue mayor a 0.90 grcm-3 en todos los perfiles. En general la retención de fosfato fue baja, mayor a 25 % y menor a 85 % en todos los perfiles. Los porcentajes Al+½Fed fueron menores al 2 % en todos los perfiles. La extracción selectiva (pirofosfato de sodio, oxalato de amonio, ditionito de sodio) indica que los suelos carecen de minerales no cristalinos como la allofanita, imogolita y compuestos húmicos de hierro. Los únicos minerales no cristalinos en altas cantidades son los compuestos húmicos de aluminio y pequeñas cantidades de ferrihidrita. La difracción de rayos X indican que la esmectita, caolinita e illita son los minerales dominantes en la fracción arcillosa. De los perfiles estudiados, el 1 y el 4 se clasificaron como vitrandic haploxerepts, mientras que el perfil 2 como vitrandic haploxerolls y el perfil 3 como vitrandic xerorthents. Los resultados indicaron que los procesos de formación del suelo incluyen las siguientes características: 1. Desilicación e iluviación de cationes base y de aluminio desde el solum; 2. Transformación del hierro y el aluminio de las arenas y de las fracciones arenosas en arcillas secundarias y en minerales ferrosos cristalinos. Los mayores factores determinantes en la génesis del suelo en las montañas turcas de Karacadağ son el clima y la topografía, afectadas por el régimen de lixiviación y la tasa de meteorización.
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