Published

2024-11-25

A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal

Comparación de los métodos de Relación de Frecuencia, Análisis de la Evidencia y Proceso de Jerarquía Analítica para la evaluación de la susceptibilidad a deslizamientos de tierra en la falla de empuje frontal del Himalaya en la sección Ranitar-Belarang, distrito de Udayapur, provincia de Koshi, Nepal

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v28n3.112740

Keywords:

Landslide Susceptibility, Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Frequency Ratios (FR), Weight of Evidence (WoE), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Nepal (en)
Susceptibilidad de deslizamientos, falla empuje frontal del Himalaya, Relación de Frecuencia, Análisis de la Evidencia, Proceso de Jerarquía Analítica, Nepal (es)

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Authors

  • Kabi Raj Paudyal Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3436-6572
  • Rupendra Maharjan Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Birat Shrestha Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Neelam Maharjan Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

A landslide susceptibility map indicates those locations which are prone to the landslide depending upon the factors that causes landslide (slope, soil type, impact of flow, etc.). This study assesses the outcomes of a landslide susceptibility analysis employing Frequency Ratios (FR), Weight of Evidence (WoE) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the Ranitar - Belarang region, situated in Udayapur District, Koshi province of eastern Nepal. Geologically, the region falls within the region of the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). Google Earth imagery (CNES/Airbus and Maxar Technologies) with a spatial resolution of 20 m was utilized for landslide detection. The inventory of landslides was employed to create data sets for training and testing. Thirteen causative parameters (Slope, Distance to Thrust, Landuse, Geology, Distance to stream, Curvature, Aspect, Relief, Distance to Road, Topographic Wetness Index, Sediment Transport Index, Sediment Power Index, Rainfall), derived from topographic, geological, and land-use maps were considered in the analysis. The AHP ratings were assigned based on the expert judgment whereas, the FR and WoE ratings were computed based on these causative factors and training events. Subsequently, a landslide susceptibility map was generated by amalgamating causative factors that yielded FR, AHP, and WoE scores with validation using the AUC- ROC curve resulting in an 86.4%, 68.5%, and 89.9% accuracy respectively. Among the three methods of analysis, Weight of Evidence (WoE) has the highest accuracy (89.9%) in predicting landslides followed by Frequency Ratio (86.4%). Also, it was found that distance from the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), land use, relief, and distance from the road emerged as the most influential factors contributing to landslide occurrence.

Un mapa de susceptibilidad de deslizamientos de tierra indica aquellos puntos que son propensos a los deslizamientos de acuerdo con los factores que lo causan (pendiente, tipo de suelo, impacto de la circulación de aguas, etc.). Este estudio evalúa los resultados de los análisis de susceptibilidad de deslizamientos preparados con los modelos Relación de Frecuencia, Análisis de la Evidencia y Proceso de Jerarquía Analítica, en la región de Ranitar-Belarang, situada en el distrito de Udaipur, provincia oriental de Koshi, Nepal. Geológicamente, la región se ubica en la falla conocida como empuje frontal del Himalaya. Se utilizaron imágenes de Google Earth (Tecnologías CNES/Airbus y Maxar), con una resolución espacial de 20 m, para detectar deslizamientos de tierra. El inventario de deslizamientos se empleó para crear grupos de datos de entrenamiento y prueba. En este análisis se consideraron trece parámetros causantes (pendiente, distancia al cabalgamiento, uso del suelo, geología, distancia a la corriente, curvatura, aspecto, relieve, distancia a caminos, Índice de Humedad Topográfica, Índice de Transporte de Sedimentos,  Índice de Potencia de Sedimentos, y lluvia), derivados de mapas topográficos, geológicos, y de uso del suelo. Los criterios del Proceso de Jerarquía Analítica se asignaron con base a un juzgamiento experto, mientras que los criterios de la Relación de Frecuencia y Análisis de la Evidencia se computaron de acuerdo con los factores causativos y los eventos de entrenamiento. Seguidamente se generó un mapa de susceptibilidad de deslizamientos al converger los factores causativos de los modelos Relación de Frecuencia, Proceso de Jerarquía Analítica, y Análisis de la Evidencia, con una validación ejecutada con el método Área bajo la curva ROC (Característica Operativa del Receptor), la cual calculó una precisión de 86.4 %, 68.5%, y 89.9, respectivamente. Dentro de estos tres métodos, el Análisis de la Evidencia tiene el mayor índice de precisión (89.9 %) en la predicción de deslizamientos, seguido por la Relación de Frecuencia (86.4 %). Además, se encontró que la distancia a la falla de empuje frontal del Himalaya, el uso del suelo, relieve y distancia a caminos son los factores más influyentes en la ocurrencia de deslizamientos.

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How to Cite

APA

Paudyal, K. R., Maharjan, R., Shrestha, B. and Maharjan, N. (2024). A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 28(3), 325–348. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v28n3.112740

ACM

[1]
Paudyal, K.R., Maharjan, R., Shrestha, B. and Maharjan, N. 2024. A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal. Earth Sciences Research Journal. 28, 3 (Nov. 2024), 325–348. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v28n3.112740.

ACS

(1)
Paudyal, K. R.; Maharjan, R.; Shrestha, B.; Maharjan, N. A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal. Earth sci. res. j. 2024, 28, 325-348.

ABNT

PAUDYAL, K. R.; MAHARJAN, R.; SHRESTHA, B.; MAHARJAN, N. A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal. Earth Sciences Research Journal, [S. l.], v. 28, n. 3, p. 325–348, 2024. DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v28n3.112740. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/112740. Acesso em: 21 jan. 2025.

Chicago

Paudyal, Kabi Raj, Rupendra Maharjan, Birat Shrestha, and Neelam Maharjan. 2024. “A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal”. Earth Sciences Research Journal 28 (3):325-48. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v28n3.112740.

Harvard

Paudyal, K. R., Maharjan, R., Shrestha, B. and Maharjan, N. (2024) “A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal”, Earth Sciences Research Journal, 28(3), pp. 325–348. doi: 10.15446/esrj.v28n3.112740.

IEEE

[1]
K. R. Paudyal, R. Maharjan, B. Shrestha, and N. Maharjan, “A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal”, Earth sci. res. j., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 325–348, Nov. 2024.

MLA

Paudyal, K. R., R. Maharjan, B. Shrestha, and N. Maharjan. “A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal”. Earth Sciences Research Journal, vol. 28, no. 3, Nov. 2024, pp. 325-48, doi:10.15446/esrj.v28n3.112740.

Turabian

Paudyal, Kabi Raj, Rupendra Maharjan, Birat Shrestha, and Neelam Maharjan. “A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal”. Earth Sciences Research Journal 28, no. 3 (November 25, 2024): 325–348. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/112740.

Vancouver

1.
Paudyal KR, Maharjan R, Shrestha B, Maharjan N. A Comparative of Frequency Ratio Method, Weight of Evidence, and Analytical Hierarchy Process for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Region in Ranitar-Belarang Section of Udayapur District, Koshi Province, Nepal. Earth sci. res. j. [Internet]. 2024 Nov. 25 [cited 2025 Jan. 21];28(3):325-48. Available from: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/112740

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