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Mineralogy and geochemistry of stratabound copper - silver deposits hosted by the La Quinta Formation, northern Colombia
Mineralogía y geoquímica de los depósitos estratoligados de cobre y plata hospedados por la Formación La Quinta, norte de Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v29n2.113381Keywords:
Perijá Range, copper sulfides, digenite, anilite, spionkopite, organic matter (en)Serranía del Perijá, sulfuros de cobre, digenita, anilita, spionkopita, materia orgánica (es)
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The “La Quinta” Formation is a volcano-sedimentary unit formed by continental, oxidized redbeds interlayered with subaerial felsic-to-mafic lava flows. This lithostratigraphic unit, which outcrops in the Perij. Range (northern Colombia), hosts two different stratabound Cu (±Ag) mineralization styles: basalt-hosted and sediment-hosted. The former style of mineralization comprises native copper and silver, along with minor amounts of Cu-sulfides hosted flow-top mafic lavas. Conversely, the latter mineralization style primarily consists of chalcopyrite, bornite, and digenite hosted by sedimentary strata. Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA) analyses indicate that Cu-sulfides in both mineralization styles host silver. On the other hand, the assessment of mineral assemblages suggests a low-temperature and epigenetic origin for the Cu (±Ag) mineralization in both basaltic flows and sedimentary strata. Also, the identified hydrothermal alterations comprise four distinct stages occurring in the next chronological order: (1) Na-rich, (2) K-rich, (3) Ca-Si-rich, and (4) Ca-CO2-rich alterations. The hypogene ore minerals were observed paragenetically associated with the Ca-Si-rich alteration. In sediment-hosted deposits, mineralization is closely associated with charcoal clasts and possibly pyrobitumen. These forms of organic matter may serve as possible sources of reduced sulfur, which may trigger the precipitation of Cu-sulfides upon contact with mineralizing fluids. Additionally, a strong alteration involving Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Fe is evidenced by lithogeochemistry analyses. These analyses also suggest a depletion of K, Rb, and Cs contents in the samples with hydrothermal alteration, and also evidence no significant variation of Si and Rare Earth Elements (REE), implying these elements remained immobile during the different stages of hydrothermal alteration. Despite the above, most major and trace elements evidence a wide range of variation, implying that the alteration reactions were primarily controlled by lithological factors. Moreover, the supergene oxidation of hypogene ore minerals resulted in the formation of spionkopite, anilite, covellite, and other secondary Cu-bearing minerals. Overall, the characteristics of the Cu (±Ag) deposits hosted in the “La Quinta” Formation are similar to those described for Chilean Manto-type Cu deposits and Volcanic Redbed Cu deposits.
La Formación “La Quinta” es una unidad volcano-sedimentaria formada por capas rojas continentales, oxidadas e interestratificadas con flujos lávicos subaéreos de composición félsica a máfica. Esta unidad litoestratigráfica que aflora en la Serranía del Perijá (norte de Colombia), hospeda dos diferentes estilos de mineralización estratoligada Cu (±Ag): Hospedada en basaltos y hospedada en sedimentos. El primer estilo de mineralización comprende cobre y plata nativos, junto con cantidades menores de sulfuros de Cu hospedados en flujos lávicos máficos. Por el contrario, el segundo estilo de mineralización consiste principalmente de calcopirita, bornita, y digenita hospedadas en estratos sedimentarios. Microanálisis con sonda electrónica (EPMA) indican que los sulfuros de Cu presentes en ambos estilos de mineralización hospedan plata. Por otro lado, la evaluación de ensambles minerales sugiere un origen de baja temperatura y epigenético para la mineralización Cu (±Ag) en los flujos basálticos y estratos sedimentarios. También, las alteraciones hidrotermales identificadas comprenden cuatro diferentes etapas que ocurren en el siguiente orden cronológico: (1) Alteración rica en Na, (2) alteración rica en K, (3) alteración rica en Ca-Si y, (4) alteración rica en Ca-CO2. Los minerales de mena hipógenos fueron observados paragenéticamente asociados con la alteración enriquecida en Ca-Si. En los depósitos hospedados en sedimentos, la mineralización se encuentra estrechamente asociada con clastos de carbón y posiblemente pirobitumen. Estas formas de materia orgánica podrían servir como posibles fuentes de azufre reducido, las cuales podrían desencadenar la precipitación de sulfuros de Cu al entrar en contacto con fluidos mineralizantes. Adicionalmente, una fuerte alteración que involucra Ca, Mg, Na, y Fe es evidenciada mediante análisis litogeoquímicos. Estos análisis también sugieren una disminución en los contenidos de K, Rb y Cs en las muestras con alteración hidrotermal, y también evidencian una variación insignificante del Si y tierras raras (REE), lo que implica que estos elementos permanecieron inmóviles durante las diferentes etapas de alteración hidrotermal. A pesar de lo anterior, la mayor parte de elementos mayores y traza evidencian un amplio rango de variación, lo que implica que las reacciones de alteración fueron principalmente controladas por factores litológicos. Además, la oxidación supérgena de minerales de mena hipogénicos resultó en la formación de spionkopita, anilita y covelita, además de otros minerales secundarios de Cu. En general, las características de los depósitos Cu (±Ag) hospedados en la Formación “La Quinta” son similares a aquellas descritas para depósitos cupríferos tipo Manto Chileno y Volcanic Redbed.
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