Published

2025-10-29

Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24

Estudio de la relación entre las anomalías del Contenido Total de Electrones del Sistema de Posicionamiento Global y los eventos de terremoto en Tailandia durante el Ciclo Solar 24

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v29n3.117195

Keywords:

Total electron content, Earthquake events, Solar cycle 24, Ionosphere and seismic activities, Correlation coefficient (en)
Contenido Total de Electrones, terremotos, Ciclo solar 24, ionósfera y actividades sísmicas, Coeficiente de correlación (es)

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This study investigates ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) anomalies in relation to earthquake events in Thailand from 2007 to 2020, encompassing Solar Cycle 24. TEC data were obtained from three sources: the Global Positioning System (GPS), the International GNSS Service (IGS), and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), and were compared to 473 earthquakes (Mw ≥ 3.0). While earthquake magnitudes below Mw 5.0 did not exhibit a clear correlation, earthquake events of Mw 5.0 or higher reflected in moderate negative correlation coefficients for GPS TEC, IGS TEC, and IRI TEC (-0.495, -0.501, and -0.303, respectively). Furthermore, a positive correlation coefficient (0.611) was found between Mw ≥ 5.0 earthquakes and geomagnetic storms with the Kp index. However, focusing specifically on geomagnetic storms and TEC variations on the day of an earthquake, no significant relationship was detected across GPS, IGS, and IRI data. Nevertheless, further research is needed to clarify the link between seismic activity and TEC fluctuations, potentially through alternative approaches or targeted case studies. This is especially important given the limited number of earthquakes above a magnitude of 5.0 in our study area, which restricts the available sample size.

Este estudio investiga las anomalías ionosféricas del Contenido Total de Electrones (TEC) en relación con los eventos de terremoto en Tailandia entre 2007 y 2020, período del Ciclo Solar 24. La información del TEC se obtuvo de tres fuentes: Sistema de Posición Global (GPS), servicio internacional de GNSS (IGS) y el modelo de Referencia Internacional de Ionosfera, y se cotejó con 473 terremotos (Mw ≥ 3.0). Mientras que las magnitudes menores a 5.0 no presentan una clara correlación, los eventos de terremoto iguales o superiores a 5.0 reflejaron coeficientes de correlación negativa moderada para los sistemas GPS TEC, IGS TEC, e IRI TEC (-0.495, -0.501, y -0.303, respectivamente). Además, un coeficiente de correlación positiva (0.611) se encontró en los terremotos de magnitud igual o superior a 5.0. Sin embargo, en el caso específico de tormentas geomagnéticas frente a variaciones del TEC en el día de un terremoto no se detectó una relación significativa en la información del GPS, IGS e IRI. Se necesita más investigación para clarificar los vínculos entre la actividad sísmica y las fluctuaciones del TEC, potencialmente a través de acercamientos alternativos o casos de estudio específicos. Esto es especialmente importante debido al número limitado de terremotos con magnitud superior a 5.0 en esta área de estudio, lo que restringe el tamaño de la muestra.

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How to Cite

APA

Pansong, C. & Kenpankho, P. (2025). Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 29(3), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v29n3.117195

ACM

[1]
Pansong, C. and Kenpankho, P. 2025. Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24. Earth Sciences Research Journal. 29, 3 (Oct. 2025), 297–312. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v29n3.117195.

ACS

(1)
Pansong, C.; Kenpankho, P. Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24. Earth sci. res. j. 2025, 29, 297-312.

ABNT

PANSONG, C.; KENPANKHO, P. Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24. Earth Sciences Research Journal, [S. l.], v. 29, n. 3, p. 297–312, 2025. DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v29n3.117195. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/117195. Acesso em: 27 dec. 2025.

Chicago

Pansong, Chollada, and Prasert Kenpankho. 2025. “Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24”. Earth Sciences Research Journal 29 (3):297-312. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v29n3.117195.

Harvard

Pansong, C. and Kenpankho, P. (2025) “Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24”, Earth Sciences Research Journal, 29(3), pp. 297–312. doi: 10.15446/esrj.v29n3.117195.

IEEE

[1]
C. Pansong and P. Kenpankho, “Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24”, Earth sci. res. j., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 297–312, Oct. 2025.

MLA

Pansong, C., and P. Kenpankho. “Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24”. Earth Sciences Research Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, Oct. 2025, pp. 297-12, doi:10.15446/esrj.v29n3.117195.

Turabian

Pansong, Chollada, and Prasert Kenpankho. “Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24”. Earth Sciences Research Journal 29, no. 3 (October 29, 2025): 297–312. Accessed December 27, 2025. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/117195.

Vancouver

1.
Pansong C, Kenpankho P. Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24. Earth sci. res. j. [Internet]. 2025 Oct. 29 [cited 2025 Dec. 27];29(3):297-312. Available from: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/117195

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