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Landslide Distribution and Susceptibility Assessment in NW Pakistan: Insights from Field Observations and Factor Analysis
Evaluación de la distribución y susceptibilidad de deslizamientos de tierra en el noroeste de Pakistán: perspectivas derivadas de observaciones de campo y análisis factorial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v29n1.117884Keywords:
Hindukush, Chitral, Susceptibility, Landslide, Inventory (en)Hindukush, Chitral, susceptibilidad, deslizamientos de tierra, inventario (es)
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The Hindukush region in Northwest Pakistan is a mountainous area that often faces natural disasters, such as landslides, flash floods, glacial lake outbursts, and debris flow, that alter the landscape and damage property. This study focused on the Chitral area of the Hindukush region to assess the landslide distribution and susceptibility using field observations and factor analysis. Nine landslide causative factors were selected and weighted using Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Frequency Ratio (FR) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques. The factors included slope, aspect, rainfall, land cover, lithology, seismicity, distance to faults, streams, and roads. Landslide susceptibility maps were generated and classified into five categories: very high, high, moderate, low, and very low. Various landslides were observed in the field comprising debris flow, debris slide, soil erosion, and rockfall. Rockfall in the study area indicates active seismicity in the Hindukush region. Furthermore, the area under the curve method validated the results, which gave 0.80 for FR and 0.73 for AHP. The results showed that most of the landslides in the study area were caused by steep slopes of mountains, followed by precipitation. The high landslide susceptibility zones in the study area matched well with the field-based landslide collections, which showed the reliability of the mapping methods. These findings can help plan and implement measures in the Hindukush region to reduce the risk and impact of landslides, such as early warning systems, slope stabilization, land use regulation, and evacuation plans.
La región de Hindukush en el noroeste de Pakistán es una área montañosa que eventualmente presenta desastres naturales, como deslizamientos de tierra, riadas, inundación por desborde de lagos glaciares y flujo de detritos, que alteran el paisaje y dañan la propiedad. Este estudio se enfoca en el área de Chitral, de la región Hindukush, con el fin de medir la distribución de los deslizamientos de tierra y la susceptibilidad a estos a través de observaciones de campo y análisis de factores. Para esto se seleccionaron nueve factores determinantes y se ponderaron a través de técnicas de relación de frecuencias y proceso de jerarquía analítica con base en sistemas de información geográfica. Estos factores son: inclinación, aspecto, precipitación de lluvia, cobertura terrestre, litología, sismicidad, distancia a fallas, arroyos y carreteras. Los mapas de susceptibilidad de deslizamientos se generaron y clasificaron en cinco categorías: muy alto, alto, moderado, bajo y muy bajo. Varios deslizamientos se observaron en campo para analizar el flujo de detritos, el deslizamiento de detritos, la erosión del suelo y la caida de rocas. La caida de rocas en el área de estudio indica la seismicidad activa en la región del Hindukush. Además, el área bajo el método de curva validó los resultados, con 0.80 para la relación de frecuencias y 0.73 para el proceso de jerarquía analítica. Los resultados señalan que los factores que han causado la mayoría de los deslizamientos de tierra en el área de estudio son las pendientes pronunciadas de las montañas y la precipitación. Las zonas de alta susceptibilidad a deslizamientos de tierra en el área de estudio coinciden con las colecciones de información de campo sobre deslizamientos, lo que muestra la fiabilidad de los métodos de mapeo. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a planear e implementar medidas en la región del Hindukush para reducir el riesgo y el impacto de los deslizamientos, tales como sistemas de alerta temprana, estabilización de taludes, regulación del uso del suelo y planes de evacuación.
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