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Flood Frequency Analysis Along Bagmati River Basin in Khagaria District, Bihar Using Gumbel’s Method and Log Pearson Type lll Distribution
Análisis de Frecuencia de Inundaciones a lo largo de la Cuenca del Río Bagmati en el Distrito de Khagaria, Bihar, utilizando el Método de Gumbel y la Distribución Log Pearson Tipo III
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v29n4.119636Keywords:
Flood Frequency Analysis, Gumbel’s Method, Log Pearson Type lll Distribution, Peak Discharge, River Bagmati (en)Análisis de Frecuencia de Inundaciones, Método de Gumbel, Distribución Log Pearson Tipo III, Caudal Máximo, Río Bagmati (es)
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Flood frequency analysis is an essential hydrological method for determining the size and recurrence intervals of flood events, especially in areas vulnerable to flooding. One such area where frequent flooding has a major effect on the environment, the economy, and local inhabitants is Khagaria in Bihar, India. This study uses the Log-Pearson Type III Distribution and the Gumbel Extreme Value Distribution to analyze historical discharge data spanning 40 years (1985–2024) from the Bagmati River Basin in Khagaria District. Important statistical measures, including the mean, standard deviation, and skewness, are used to predict catastrophic hydrological events and to assess flood magnitudes for various return periods. The findings show that while both methods effectively model catastrophic floods, the Log-Pearson Type III Distribution more accurately captures variability at longer return periods. The results indicate the highest recorded flood discharge of 30734.001 m³/s in 2023 and the lowest discharge of 884.77 m³/s in 2011. The analysis calculates the anticipated inundation for the return periods of 2, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 1000 years. The expected flood for the two-year return period is 2833.731 cumecs according to the Gumbel distribution, while the Log-Pearson III distribution predicts a flood of 1169.9 cumecs. It has been noted that Gumbel estimated higher values for all of the aforementioned return periods, except for 1000 years, where Log Pearson III predicted significantly higher values. The 2-year flood event has a 50% possibility of occurrence in any year with average impacts, while severe flooding events are predicted at longer return periods, with discharge values exceeding the river’s carrying capacity. The results highlight the urgent need for proactive floodplain management, infrastructure planning, and risk reduction strategies by illustrating the region's increasing flood frequency and severity. This study provides valuable information for sustainable flood management, hydrological modelling, and infrastructure design in the area under study.
El análisis de frecuencia de inundaciones es un método hidrológico fundamental para determinar el tamaño y los intervalos de recurrencia de los eventos de inundación, especialmente en áreas vulnerables a estos fenómenos. Una de esas áreas donde las inundaciones frecuentes tienen un impacto considerable en el medio ambiente, la economía y los habitantes locales es Khagaria, en Bihar, India. Este estudio utiliza la Distribución Log Pearson Tipo III y la Distribución de Valores Extremos de Gumbel para analizar datos históricos de caudales durante un periodo de 40 años (1985–2024) de la cuenca del río Bagmati en el distrito de Khagaria. Se emplean importantes medidas estadísticas, como la media, la desviación estándar y la asimetría, para predecir eventos hidrológicos catastróficos y evaluar las magnitudes de las inundaciones para diferentes periodos de retorno. Los resultados muestran que, si bien ambos métodos modelan eficazmente las inundaciones catastróficas, la Distribución Log Pearson Tipo III capta con mayor precisión la variabilidad en periodos de retorno más largos. Los resultados indican el mayor caudal registrado de inundación de 30,734.001 m³/s en 2023 y el caudal más bajo de 884.77 m³/s en 2011. El análisis calcula la inundación anticipada para periodos de retorno de 2, 10, 25, 50, 100 y 1000 años. La inundación esperada para el periodo de retorno de dos años es de 2,833.731 m³/s según la distribución de Gumbel, mientras que la distribución Log Pearson III predice una inundación de 1,169.9 m³/s. Se ha observado que Gumbel estimó valores más altos para todos los periodos de retorno mencionados, excepto para el de 1000 años, donde Log Pearson III predijo valores significativamente más altos. El evento de inundación de 2 años tiene una probabilidad del 50% de ocurrir en cualquier año con impactos promedio, mientras que se prevén eventos de inundación severos en periodos de retorno más largos, con valores de descarga que superan la capacidad del río. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad urgente de una gestión proactiva de las llanuras de inundación, la planificación de infraestructuras y la implementación de estrategias de reducción de riesgos, ilustrando el aumento de la frecuencia y gravedad de las inundaciones en la región. Este estudio proporciona información valiosa para la gestión sostenible de inundaciones, la modelización hidrológica y el diseño de infraestructuras en el área de estudio.
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