Published

2026-09-05

An integrated interpretation of palynofacies, petrophysical and geochemical analysis for source and reservoir properties of Eocene carbonate succession in Potwar Basin, Pakistan: Insights for petroleum potential

Análisis integrado de palinofacies, petrofísica y geoquímica para las propiedades de roca madre y reservorio de la sucesión carbonatada del Eoceno en la Cuenca de Potwar, Pakistán: Perspectivas para el potencial petrolero

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v30n(2).122833

Keywords:

Nammal Formation, Potwar Basin, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, palynofacies, source rock, reservoir potential (en)
Formación Nammal, Cuenca de Potwar, pirólisis Rock-Eval, palinofacies, roca generadora, potencial de reservorio (es)

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Authors

  • Syed Bilawal Ali Shah Department of Applied Sciences (Applied Geology), Curtin University, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9100-3802
  • Prasanna Mohan Viswanathan Department of Applied Sciences (Applied Geology), Curtin University, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
  • Vijay Anand Sundarrajan Department of Applied Sciences (Applied Geology), Curtin University, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
  • Syed Amjad Ali Bukhari Department of Earth Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan.

The Potwar Basin is one of Pakistan’s major hydrocarbon-producing basins, where Eocene carbonate and shale-rich successions are important for evaluating source and reservoir potential. The Nammal Formation is a key stratigraphic unit in this basin, yet its integrated petroleum potential remains insufficiently constrained. This study evaluates the source rock and reservoir characteristics of the Nammal Formation by integrating palynofacies, organic geochemical, and petrophysical analyses from the Nammal Gorge section and the Fimkassar oilfield. A total of 11 outcrop samples and 21 well-cutting samples were examined using palynofacies analysis, total organic carbon measurement, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, and well-log interpretation. Total organic carbon values range from 0.71 to 0.95 wt%, indicating poor to fair organic richness, while S2 values range from 1.23 to 2.70 mg HC/g rock, suggesting limited to moderate hydrocarbon generation potential. Hydrogen Index values of 164-401 mg HC/g TOC indicate mixed Type II-III kerogen with oil- and gas-prone characteristics. Thermal maturity indicators, including Tmax values of 437-442°C and vitrinite reflectance values of 0.71-0.80% Ro, place the samples within the oil generation window. Palynofacies observations support these geochemical results and show a mixed assemblage of phytoclasts and amorphous organic matter. Petrophysical interpretation indicates limestone-dominated lithology, low shale volume, average water saturation of 25.75%, and hydrocarbon saturation of 74.25%. Overall, the Nammal Formation shows poor to fair source rock potential but moderate to good reservoir potential within the studied interval.

La Cuenca de Potwar es una de las principales cuencas productoras de hidrocarburos en Pakistán, donde las sucesiones ricas en carbonatos y lutitas del Eoceno son fundamentales para evaluar el potencial de roca madre y reservorio. La Formación Nammal es una unidad estratigráfica clave en esta cuenca; sin embargo, su potencial petrolero integrado sigue siendo insuficientemente delimitado. Este estudio evalúa las características de roca madre y reservorio de la Formación Nammal mediante la integración de análisis de palinofacies, geoquímica orgánica y petrofísica a partir de la sección de Nammal Gorge y el yacimiento petrolífero de Fimkassar. Se analizaron un total de 11 muestras de afloramiento y 21 muestras de recortes de pozo utilizando análisis de palinofacies, medición de carbono orgánico total, pirólisis Rock-Eval e interpretación de registros de pozo. Los valores de carbono orgánico total oscilan entre 0,71 y 0,95% en peso, lo que indica una riqueza orgánica de pobre a regular, mientras que los valores de S2 varían entre 1,23 y 2,70 mg HC/g de roca, sugiriendo un potencial de generación de hidrocarburos limitado a moderado. Los valores de Índice de Hidrógeno de 164-401 mg HC/g TOC indican querógenos mixtos Tipo II-III con características generadoras de petróleo y gas. Los indicadores de madurez térmica, incluidos los valores Tmax de 437-442°C y reflectancia de vitrinita de 0,71-0,80% Ro, sitúan las muestras dentro de la ventana de generación de petróleo. Las observaciones de palinofacies respaldan estos resultados geoquímicos y muestran un ensamblaje mixto de fitoclastos y materia orgánica amorfa. La interpretación petrofísica indica una litología dominada por calizas, bajo volumen de lutitas, saturación de agua promedio del 25,75% y saturación de hidrocarburos del 74,25%. En general, la Formación Nammal presenta un potencial de roca madre de pobre a regular, pero un potencial de reservorio de moderado a bueno en el intervalo estudiado.

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Shah, S. B. A., Mohan Viswanathan, P., Sundarrajan, V. A., & Bukhari, S. A. A. (2026). An integrated interpretation of palynofacies, petrophysical and geochemical analysis for source and reservoir properties of Eocene carbonate succession in Potwar Basin, Pakistan: Insights for petroleum potential. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 30((2), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v30n(2).122833