Published

2026-05-27

Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM))

Detección de Áreas de Referencia de Formas del Terreno para la Restauración Geomorfológica de Sitios Mineros utilizando RS y SIG (Estudio de caso: Minas de Hierro de Sangan (SIOM))

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v30n1.123186

Keywords:

Geomorphic Reclamation, Reference Area, Morphometric Analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, Sangan Iron Ore Mine (en)
Restauración Geomorfológica, Área de Referencia, Análisis Morfométrico, Teledetección, SIG, Mina de Hierro Sangan (es)

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Authors

  • Mahvash Naddaf Department of Geography, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4871-6051
  • Seyed Reza Hosseinzadeh Department of Geography, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
  • José F. Martín Duque Faculty of Geological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  • Mahnaz Jahadi Toroghi Department of Geography, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

The reference area is a key for the geomorphic reclamation (GR) process. Geomorphic reclamation (GR), encompassing restoration and rehabilitation, is a modern approach to mining reclamation that focuses on restoring disturbed mine sites by mimicking natural landforms and processes. It serves as an advanced alternative to traditional landform design methods used since the 2000s, promoting ecological stability and sustainable landscape recovery. Geomorphic reclamation aims to replicate natural landforms and restore ecosystem functionality and biodiversity at degraded mine sites under post-mining conditions. In this study, we utilized a combination of remote sensing and fieldwork techniques to quantify morphometric parameters, including Drainage Density (DD), ridge-to-head-of-channel distance (Xrh), and A-channel length. These variables facilitated the identification of suitable reference areas for geomorphic reclamation of mining sites. We mapped the natural drainage network by integrating multiple data sources and analytical tools. We utilized Google Earth imagery and 12.5 * 12.5 meter ALOS DEMs for automated drainage network extraction. ArcGIS 10.8.1 was employed to analyze the drainage data, while fieldwork was conducted to validate and compare the results derived from our datasets. The findings for parameters such as A-channel length and slope gradient demonstrated a high degree of consistency across satellite imagery, GIS analysis, and fieldwork. However, there was a significant difference in the results for parameters such as Xrh and DD. Generally, remote sensing tools can be used to select reference areas for geomorphic reclamation. However, caution should be exercised when using remote sensing tools for certain parameters, such as the ridge to head of channels and DD, as they may not always be accurate. Therefore, a combination of remote sensing and fieldwork analysis provides the most accurate and reliable result for selecting reference areas for geomorphic reclamation.

El área de referencia es fundamental para el proceso de restauración geomorfológica (GR). La restauración geomorfológica (GR), que abarca la restauración y la rehabilitación, es un enfoque moderno para la recuperación de áreas mineras que se centra en restaurar los sitios perturbados imitando las formas y procesos naturales del terreno. Este método representa una alternativa avanzada a los diseños tradicionales de formas del terreno utilizados desde los años 2000, promoviendo la estabilidad ecológica y la recuperación sostenible del paisaje. El objetivo de la restauración geomorfológica es replicar las características naturales del relieve y restablecer la funcionalidad del ecosistema y la biodiversidad en las minas degradadas tras el cese de la actividad minera. En este estudio, se utilizó una combinación de técnicas de teledetección y trabajo de campo para cuantificar parámetros morfométricos, incluyendo la densidad de drenaje (DD), la distancia desde la divisoria hasta la cabecera del canal (Xrh) y la longitud del canal A. Estas variables facilitaron la identificación de áreas de referencia adecuadas para la restauración geomorfológica de sitios mineros. Se cartografió la red de drenaje natural integrando múltiples fuentes de datos y herramientas analíticas. Se emplearon imágenes de Google Earth y modelos digitales de elevación ALOS de 12,5 x 12,5 metros para la extracción automática de la red de drenaje. ArcGIS 10.8.1 se utilizó para analizar los datos de drenaje, y se realizó trabajo de campo para validar y comparar los resultados obtenidos a partir de los conjuntos de datos. Los resultados para parámetros como la longitud del canal A y el gradiente de pendiente demostraron un alto grado de consistencia entre las imágenes satelitales, el análisis SIG y el trabajo de campo. Sin embargo, se observaron diferencias significativas en los resultados para parámetros como Xrh y DD. En general, las herramientas de teledetección pueden utilizarse para seleccionar áreas de referencia para la restauración geomorfológica. No obstante, se debe tener precaución al utilizar herramientas de teledetección para ciertos parámetros, como la distancia desde la divisoria hasta la cabecera de los canales y la DD, ya que no siempre son precisas. Por lo tanto, la combinación de análisis de teledetección y trabajo de campo proporciona el resultado más preciso y fiable para la selección de áreas de referencia en la restauración geomorfológica.

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How to Cite

APA

Naddaf, M., Hosseinzadeh, S. R., Martín Duque, J. F. & Toroghi, M. J. (2026). Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM)). Earth Sciences Research Journal, 30(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v30n1.123186

ACM

[1]
Naddaf, M., Hosseinzadeh, S.R., Martín Duque, J.F. and Toroghi, M.J. 2026. Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM)). Earth Sciences Research Journal. 30, 1 (May 2026), 29–40. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v30n1.123186.

ACS

(1)
Naddaf, M.; Hosseinzadeh, S. R.; Martín Duque, J. F.; Toroghi, M. J. Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM) . Earth sci. res. j. 2026, 30, 29-40.

ABNT

NADDAF, M.; HOSSEINZADEH, S. R.; MARTÍN DUQUE, J. F.; TOROGHI, M. J. Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM)). Earth Sciences Research Journal, [S. l.], v. 30, n. 1, p. 29–40, 2026. DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v30n1.123186. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/123186. Acesso em: 20 jul. 2026.

Chicago

Naddaf, Mahvash, Seyed Reza Hosseinzadeh, José F. Martín Duque, and Mahnaz Jahadi Toroghi. 2026. “Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM))”. Earth Sciences Research Journal 30 (1):29-40. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v30n1.123186.

Harvard

Naddaf, M., Hosseinzadeh, S. R., Martín Duque, J. F. and Toroghi, M. J. (2026) “Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM))”, Earth Sciences Research Journal, 30(1), pp. 29–40. doi: 10.15446/esrj.v30n1.123186.

IEEE

[1]
M. Naddaf, S. R. Hosseinzadeh, J. F. Martín Duque, and M. J. Toroghi, “Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM))”, Earth sci. res. j., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 29–40, May 2026.

MLA

Naddaf, M., S. R. Hosseinzadeh, J. F. Martín Duque, and M. J. Toroghi. “Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM))”. Earth Sciences Research Journal, vol. 30, no. 1, May 2026, pp. 29-40, doi:10.15446/esrj.v30n1.123186.

Turabian

Naddaf, Mahvash, Seyed Reza Hosseinzadeh, José F. Martín Duque, and Mahnaz Jahadi Toroghi. “Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM))”. Earth Sciences Research Journal 30, no. 1 (May 27, 2026): 29–40. Accessed July 20, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/123186.

Vancouver

1.
Naddaf M, Hosseinzadeh SR, Martín Duque JF, Toroghi MJ. Detection of Landform Reference Areas for the Geomorphic Reclamation of Mines sites Using RS and GIS (Case study: Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM)). Earth sci. res. j. [Internet]. 2026 May 27 [cited 2026 Jul. 20];30(1):29-40. Available from: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/123186

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