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Biological and geological characterization of modern biofilms and microbial mats and comparison with similar lithified structures in Colombian Cretaceous formations
Caracterización biológica y geológica de biopelículas y tapetes microbianos actuales y comparación con estructuras litificadas similares en formaciones cretácicas de Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v22n3.68839Keywords:
Cyanobacterium, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), microbially-induced sedimentary structures (MISS), biosignature, geobiology. (en)Cianobacteria, sustancias poliméricas extracelulares (EPS), estructuras sedimentarias inducidas por microorganismos (MISS), biofirma, geobiología. (es)
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Microorganisms may play an important role in the aggregation of sediments and the formation of sedimentary structures. Biofilms are microbial aggregates that, in a mature stage, can develop into microbial mats, fibrillar networks that irreversibly bind filaments of cyanobacteria and sediments, inside which it has been identified a stratification with functional groups of microorganisms that coexist, generate symbiotic relationships and potentially modify the characteristics of sediments and sedimentary rocks, particularly in extreme environments. In this work, filamentous cyanobacteria from biofilms of a lacustrine environment with intervals of flooding/desiccation and a saline environment, and a microbial mat from the Agua Caliente Thermal, El Rosal, Cundinamarca, are identified. In the biofilms, most cyanobacteria were found to belong to the Orden Oscillatoriales, while in the microbial mat cyanobacteria of the order Orden Nostocales were also recognized. Two rock samples isolated from the thermal which genesis was possibly influenced by the activity of cyanobacteria are described and classified. One of them, named R-1, is a calcareous rock inside which it was possible to differentiate biolaminations and an apparent dominance of biomineralization processes. This sample was both classified as a travertine and a microbial framestone with stromatolitic and thrombolytic texture. The second one, called R-2, is a siliciclastic rock classified as a mudstone and a microbial boundstone. Finally, a comparison between the sedimentary structures identified in those rocks with similar structures in the formations La Luna, Paja and Tetuán and the microbially-induced sedimentary structures (MISS) described in the literature is performed. Based on morphological resemblance, fibrillar networks identified locally in those formations are interpreted as possible biolaminations originated from the activity of cyanobacteria.
Los microorganismos pueden jugar un rol importante en la cohesión de los sedimentos y la formación de estructuras sedimentarias. Las biopelículas son agregados microbianos que en una etapa madura pueden formar tapetes microbianos, redes fibrilares que unen irreversiblemente filamentos de cianobacterias y sedimentos, dentro de los que se ha identificado una estratificación con grupos funcionales de microorganismos que coexisten, forman relaciones simbióticas y potencialmente modifican las características de los sedimentos y las rocas sedimentarias, particularmente en ambientes extremos. En el presente trabajo se identifican las cianobacterias filamentosas en biopelículas de un ambiente lacustre con intervalos de inundación/desecación y de un ambiente salino, y un tapete microbiano aislado de la Termal Agua Caliente, El Rosal, Cundinamarca. En las biopelículas se reconocen principalmente cianobacterias del Orden Oscillatoriales, mientras que en el tapete microbiano se encuentran adicionalmente cianobacterias del Orden Nostocales. Se describen y clasifican dos muestras de roca aisladas de la termal cuya génesis posiblemente estuvo influenciada por la actividad de cianobacterias. Una de ellas, denominada R-1, es una roca de composición calcárea dentro de la que se pudieron diferenciar bioláminas y una aparente predominancia de biomineralización. Esta muestra se clasificó simultáneamente como un travertino y una “framestone” microbiana con textura estromatolítica y trombolítica. La segunda, nombrada R-2, es una roca siliciclástica clasificada como una lodolita y una “boundstone” microbiana. Finalmente, se realiza una comparación entre las estructuras sedimentarias identificadas en dichas rocas con estructuras similares en las formaciones La Luna, Tetuán y Paja y las estructuras sedimentarias inducidas por microorganismos (MISS) descritas en la literatura. Con base en las similitudes morfológicas, las redes fibrilares identificadas de manera localizada en dichas formaciones se interpretan como posibles bioláminas originadas por la actividad de cianobacterias.
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