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Application of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and economic evaluation for construction and demolition waste: a Colombian case study
Aplicación de la metodología de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) y evaluación económica para los residuos de construcción y demolición: Un caso de estudio colombiano
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n3.82815Keywords:
waste, management, construction and demolition waste, Life Cycle Assessment, impact category (en)Residuos, gestión, residuos de construcción y demolición, Evaluación del ciclo de vida, categoría de impacto (es)
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The construction industry consumes more raw materials and energy than any other economic activity and generates the largest fraction of waste, known as construction and demolition waste (CDW). This waste has significant environmental implications, most notably in South American countries such as Colombia, where it is handled inappropriately. This study evaluated the management processes currently used for fractions of construction and demolition waste generated in Ibagué (Colombia). The environmental impacts of the management of 1 kg of CDW were also calculated. Other CDW management alternatives were evaluated. The percentage of the fraction of the waste and the treatment or management processes used were modified to determine its environmental and economic viability. The information was obtained through telephone interviews and visits to recycling plants, construction companies, quarries, government entities, and inert landfills. It was completed with secondary sources and the Ecoinvent v.2.2 databases. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology and the SimaPro 8 software were used to calculate the environmental impacts. An economic study of each management process and each alternative was also carried out. A comparison of the other options revealed the current choice contributes most to the environmental impacts in all categories.
This study indicates that the most beneficial alternative in environmental and economic terms in Ibagué (Colombia) is where 100% of the metals are recovered, 100% of excavated earth is reused, and 100% of the stone waste is recycled (alternative 3). This alternative remained the most favorable when a sensitivity analysis was carried out with different distances (30 km and 50 km).
La industria de la construcción no solo consume más materias primas y energía que cualquier otra actividad económica sino que también genera la mayor fracción de residuos, conocidos como residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD). Estos residuos presentan importantes implicaciones ambientales, especialmente en países de América del Sur como Colombia, donde se manejan de manera inapropiada. En este estudio se evaluó el sistema de gestión actual de los residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) en Ibagué (Colombia) y se calcularon los impactos ambientales de la gestión de 1 kg de RCD. Se evaluaron otras alternativas de gestión de RCD para determinar su viabilidad ambiental y económica, en las cuales se modificó el porcentaje de la fracción de los residuos y el proceso de tratamiento o de gestión. Para la consecución de la información se realizaron entrevistas telefónicas y visitas a plantas de reciclaje, empresas constructoras, canteras, entidades gubernamentales y vertederos inertes en el país. Dicha información se completó con fuentes secundarias y con la base de datos Ecoinvent v.2.2. Para calcular los impactos ambientales se empleó la metodología de análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV) y el software SimaPro 8. También se realizó un estudio económico de cada proceso de gestión y de cada alternativa.
Una comparación de las alternativas reveló que la alternativa de gestión actual contribuye en mayor medida a los impactos ambientales en todas las categorías. Los resultados de este estudio indican que la alternativa más beneficiosa en términos ambientales y económicos en Ibagué es aquella en la que se recupera el 100% de los metales, se reutiliza el 100% de la tierra excavada y se recicla el 100% de los residuos de piedra (alternativa 3). Cuando se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad con diferentes distancias (30 km y 50 km), esta alternativa continuó siendo la más favorable.
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