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Fracture variability in basalts and its effect on river erosion: a case study in the Paraná Volcanic Province
Variabilidad de fractura en basaltos y su efecto en la erosión fluvial: un estudio de caso en la Provincia Volcánica de Paraná
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n1.85098Keywords:
River erosion, Bedrock river, Basalts, Fractures. (en)Erosión fluvial, Lecho rocoso, basalto, fracturas (es)
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The variation in the structural characteristics (cooling joints and tectonic fractures) of basaltic flows implies potential variability in the intensity of erosion by plucking. The erosive behavior of the rivers that sculpt these areas depends on their interaction with the diverse fracture systems. In view of this, we analyzed the effect of fracture variability in basalts on erosion in a bedrock river reach located in the Continental Volcanic Province of the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil. The 120-m-long reach is influenced somewhat by a possible fault that crosses it near one end. The fracture density and fracture direction were evaluated through field photogrammetry in seven sample areas distributed along the reach. The fracture direction and main erosion axes were also surveyed by remote piloted aircraft (RPA) aerial imaging. Tectonic fractures were identified in the field; they do not always appear in the survey of the sample areas but are evident in the RPA survey. The main erosion axes coincide with the principal fracture directions (tectonic fractures), which are disposed obliquely to the channel flow direction, making an average angle of 50°. The more abundant and multidirectional cooling joints act to control the plucking process and not to determine the erosion direction. The fracture density decreases with increasing distance from the fault crossing zone (from 9.62 to 3.73 m/m²), although the lower value is influenced by the presence of an amygdaloidal basalt zone. The higher fracture density favors more intense plucking.
La variedad de características estructurales (juntas de enfriamiento y fracturas tectónicas) de los derrames basálticos implica una variabilidad potencial en la intensidad del proceso de erosión fluvial por extracción de bloques (plucking). El comportamiento erosivo de los ríos que esculpen estas áreas depende de la interacción con la diversidad de los sistemas de fractura. En vista de esto, buscamos analizar el efecto de la variabilidad de las fracturas en los basaltos sobre la erosión en un tramo fluvial de lecho rocoso, ubicado en la Provincia Volcánica Continental del Paraná, en el sur de Brasil. El tramo, de 120 m de largo, está parcialmente sujeto a la influencia de una posible falla que lo atraviesa cerca de uno de sus extremos. Evaluamos la densidad y dirección de fracturas, mediante fotogrametría de campo, en siete áreas de muestra distribuidas a lo largo del tramo y la dirección de las fracturas en el tramo integral mediante imagen aérea de Remote Piloted Aircraft (RPA). Con la imagen de RPA, también se identificaron los principales ejes de erosión. Fracturas tectónicas visto en el campo no siempre aparecen en la inspección de las áreas de muestra, pero son evidentes en la imagen de RPA. Los ejes principales de erosión coinciden con las direcciones principales de fractura (tectónicas), que son oblicuas a la dirección del flujo del canal, formando un ángulo promedio de 50°. Las diaclasas, más abundantes y multidireccionales, funcionan como controles sobre el proceso de plucking y no como determinantes de la dirección de la erosión. La densidad de las fracturas disminuye progresivamente con la distancia desde el punto de cruce de la falla (de 9.62 a 3.73 m/m²), aunque el valor más bajo está influenciado por una zona de basalto amigdaloide. La mayor densidad de fracturas favorece la intensificación de la erosión por extracción de bloques.
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