Publicado

2019-01-01

Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing

Evaluación del origen y distribución espacial de la composición química en un lago tipo rift, utilizando modelación estadística multivariada, hidrogeoquímica y teledetección

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n1.66429

Palabras clave:

Rift lake, Chemical composition, End Members, Multivariate Analysis, Remote Sensing, (en)
Lago rift, Composición química, Miembros extremos, Análisis multivariado, Percepción remota, (es)

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The chemical composition of a freshwater surface depends on the sources of input that can be of natural or anthropogenic origin. This study examined the spatial variability of the water quality from Chapala Lake and discussed the possible sources  to this freshwater surface which is the largest rift lake in Mexico. The methodology included multivariate statistical techniques to analyze the possible relationship between water quality and the natural and anthropogenic factors of the area. The outcome showed  the existence of four groups  of water mixture in the lake. Each one showed two or three end members that characterized its chemical nature. The different groups showed a spatial distribution and a particular spectral behavior was detected from the analysis of a Landsat 7 ETM+ image. The spectral signatures extracted from the satellite image showed a high reflectivity in the range of 830 - 1300 nm for the water provided by the  Lerma-Chapala (group IV) system, which represents the most polluted water in the lake. This spectral behavior is not present in the rest of the group. The Western portion of the lake is fed mainly by open water. Contributions from groundwater dominate the Central part, and in the Eastern region, the primary source is the contaminated water from the Lerma river system. A high hydraulic head (hydraulic barrier) prevents the highest level of pollution from the Lerma river. This hydraulic barrier constituted by a significant portion of groundwater is at the Central part of the lake. Furthermore, the most polluted water flows  directly to the Metropolitan Region of Guadalajara through the Santiago river. The predominant role played by the groundwater in the dynamics of Chapala  Lake is explained, in part, from its tectonic origin. The dynamics of water in the Chapala Lake suggest the need to implement some management plans considering the tectonic origin of the Lake as an advantage for the control of pollution because of the significant  contribution of groundwater in the Chapala Lake freshwater system.

La composición química de una superficie de agua dulce depende de las fuentes de entrada que pueden ser de origen natural o antropogénico. Este estudio examinó la variabilidad espacial de la calidad del agua del lago de Chapala y discute las posibles fuentes de contribución a esta superficie de agua dulce que es el lago rift más grande de México. La metodología incluyó técnicas estadísticas multivariadas y análisis de imágenes satelitales, para analizar la posible relación entre la calidad del agua y los factores naturales y antropogénicos de la zona. Los resultados indicaron la existencia de cuatro grupos de mezclas de agua en el lago. Cada grupo muestra dos o tres miembros extremos que caracterizan la naturaleza química del agua. Los diferentes grupos presentan una distribución espacial y un comportamiento espectral particular detectado a partir del análisis de una imagen Landsat 7 ETM+. Las firmas espectrales extraídas de la imagen satelital muestran una alta reflectividad en el rango de 830-1300 nm para el agua proporcionada por el sistema Lerma-Chapala (Grupo IV), que representa el agua más contaminada del lago. Este comportamiento espectral no se presenta en el resto de los grupos. Los datos obtenidos muestran que la parte occidental del lago es alimentada principalmente por agua superficial. Los aportes de agua subterránea dominan la parte Central, y en la región Oriental, la principal fuente es el agua contaminada del  sistema Lerma-Chapala. La mayor contaminación proviene del Río Lerma, pero ésta se rompe por una barrera hidráulica constituida por aportes considerables de agua subterránea hacia la región Central. Por eso, el agua más contaminada sigue directamente a la región metropolitana de Guadalajara a través del Río Santiago. El papel predominante del agua subterránea en la dinámica del Lago de Chapala se explica, en parte, por el origen tectónico de este cuerpo de agua dulce. La dinámica observada en el Lago de Chapala sugiere que es necesario implementar planes de gestión en los cuales se considere el origen tectónico del lago con sus importantes aportes de agua subterránea como una ventaja para el control de la contaminación por la actividad humana.

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Cómo citar

APA

Noyola-Medrano, C., Ramos-Leal, J. A., López-Alvarez, B., Morán-Ramírez, J. y Fuentes-Rivas, R. M. (2019). Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 23(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n1.66429

ACM

[1]
Noyola-Medrano, C., Ramos-Leal, J.A., López-Alvarez, B., Morán-Ramírez, J. y Fuentes-Rivas, R.M. 2019. Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing. Earth Sciences Research Journal. 23, 1 (ene. 2019), 43–55. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n1.66429.

ACS

(1)
Noyola-Medrano, C.; Ramos-Leal, J. A.; López-Alvarez, B.; Morán-Ramírez, J.; Fuentes-Rivas, R. M. Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing. Earth sci. res. j. 2019, 23, 43-55.

ABNT

NOYOLA-MEDRANO, C.; RAMOS-LEAL, J. A.; LÓPEZ-ALVAREZ, B.; MORÁN-RAMÍREZ, J.; FUENTES-RIVAS, R. M. Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing. Earth Sciences Research Journal, [S. l.], v. 23, n. 1, p. 43–55, 2019. DOI: 10.15446/esrj.v23n1.66429. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/66429. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.

Chicago

Noyola-Medrano, Cristina, José Alfredo Ramos-Leal, Briseida López-Alvarez, Janet Morán-Ramírez, y Rosa María Fuentes-Rivas. 2019. «Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing». Earth Sciences Research Journal 23 (1):43-55. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n1.66429.

Harvard

Noyola-Medrano, C., Ramos-Leal, J. A., López-Alvarez, B., Morán-Ramírez, J. y Fuentes-Rivas, R. M. (2019) «Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing», Earth Sciences Research Journal, 23(1), pp. 43–55. doi: 10.15446/esrj.v23n1.66429.

IEEE

[1]
C. Noyola-Medrano, J. A. Ramos-Leal, B. López-Alvarez, J. Morán-Ramírez, y R. M. Fuentes-Rivas, «Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing», Earth sci. res. j., vol. 23, n.º 1, pp. 43–55, ene. 2019.

MLA

Noyola-Medrano, C., J. A. Ramos-Leal, B. López-Alvarez, J. Morán-Ramírez, y R. M. Fuentes-Rivas. «Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing». Earth Sciences Research Journal, vol. 23, n.º 1, enero de 2019, pp. 43-55, doi:10.15446/esrj.v23n1.66429.

Turabian

Noyola-Medrano, Cristina, José Alfredo Ramos-Leal, Briseida López-Alvarez, Janet Morán-Ramírez, y Rosa María Fuentes-Rivas. «Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing». Earth Sciences Research Journal 23, no. 1 (enero 1, 2019): 43–55. Accedido julio 12, 2024. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/66429.

Vancouver

1.
Noyola-Medrano C, Ramos-Leal JA, López-Alvarez B, Morán-Ramírez J, Fuentes-Rivas RM. Assessing the source and spatial distribution of chemical composition of a rift lake, using multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical modeling and remote sensing. Earth sci. res. j. [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2019 [citado 12 de julio de 2024];23(1):43-55. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/66429

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