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Cannabinoides sintéticos: Consideraciones químicas, farmacológicas-toxicológicas y fiscalización legal
Synthetic cannabinoids: Chemical, pharmacological-toxicological considerations and legal oversight
Canabinoides sintéticos: considerações químicas, farmacológicas-toxicológicas e supervisão legal.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n3.116228Palabras clave:
Nuevas sustancias psicoactivas, cannabinoides sintéticos, caracterización química, farmacología, toxicología, legislación (es)New psychoactive substances, Synthetic cannabinoids, chemical characterization, pharmacology, toxicology, legislation (en)
Novas substâncias psicoativas, canabinoides sintéticos, caracterização química, farmacologia, toxicologia, legislação (pt)
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Introducción: Los cannabinoides sintéticos son sustancias que presentan efectos similares a la marihuana, pero con estructuras químicas completamente diferentes. A pesar de haber surgido como sustancias utilizadas con fines médicos e investigativos, su fácil acceso pues normalmente se comercializan a través de plataformas electrónicas como internet y redes sociales, así como la falta de información clara sobre ellos, los han convertido en sustancias de abuso utilizadas para generar efectos más intensos y evadir la justicia al modificar constantemente su estructura química, dificultando su identificación. Objetivo: La presente reseña aborda la temática de los cannabinoides sintéticos, incluyendo la caracterización química, farmacología, toxicología y aspectos legales para la fiscalización. Metodología: La revisión sistemática se realizó mediante la búsqueda de literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO y Google Scholar, abarcando el periodo entre 2013 y 2024. Los términos de búsqueda incluidos fueron "synthetic cannabinoids", "adverse effects", “legislation”, “pharmacology”, "clinical toxicology", y “chemistry” combinados con el operador booleano AND. Resultados: Se presentan las estructuras químicas y grupos funcionales a fin de comprender las complicaciones de la nomenclatura e identificación. Además, se discuten los efectos fisiológicos y mecanismos de acción de los cannabinoides sintéticos, como los efectos toxicológicos que los mismos pueden ocasionar. Finalmente, se discuten los mecanismos de fiscalización y su impacto en la legislación internacional sobre el control del tráfico ilícito. Conclusiones: El continuo aparecimiento de cannabinoides sintéticos representa un problema para los sistemas sanitarios a nivel mundial. Conocer las características químicas, estructuras, nomenclatura y clasificación, así como las metodologías analíticas utilizadas para su identificación, aspectos farmacológicos y hallazgos toxicológicos, lo mismo que las complicaciones y retos en el marco de la legislación mundial para su fiscalización, resulta clave para su comunidad científica.
Introduction: Synthetic cannabinoids are substances that produce effects similar to marijuana, but with completely different chemical structures. Although they originated as substances used for medical and research purposes, their easy accessibility—as they are typically sold through electronic platforms such as the internet and social media—along with a lack of clear information about them, have led to their abuse. They are used to generate more intense effects and evade legal action by constantly modifying their chemical structure, making them difficult to identify. Objective: This review addresses the topic of synthetic cannabinoids, including their chemical characterization, pharmacology, toxicology, and legal aspects related to their regulation. Methodology: The systematic review was conducted by searching the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases, covering the period from 2013 to 2024. The search terms included "synthetic cannabinoids," "adverse effects," "legislation," "pharmacology," "clinical toxicology," and "chemistry," combined with the Boolean operator AND. Results: The chemical structures and functional groups are presented to understand the complexities of nomenclature and identification. The physiological effects and mechanisms of action of synthetic cannabinoids are discussed, as well as their potential toxicological effects. Finally, the regulatory mechanisms and their impact on international legislation regarding the control of illicit trafficking are discussed. Conclusions: The continued emergence of synthetic cannabinoids poses a problem for healthcare systems worldwide. Understanding the chemical characteristics, structures, nomenclature and classification, as well as the analytical methodologies used for their identification, pharmacological aspects and toxicological findings, as well as the complications and challenges within the framework of global legislation for their control, is key for its scientific community.
Introdução: Os canabinoides sintéticos são substâncias que produzem efeitos semelhantes aos da maconha, mas com estruturas químicas completamente diferentes. Embora tenham surgido como substâncias utilizadas para fins medicinais e de pesquisa, sua fácil acessibilidade — visto que são tipicamente vendidas por meio de plataformas eletrônicas como a internet e as redes sociais — juntamente com a falta de informações claras sobre elas, levaram ao seu abuso. São utilizadas para gerar efeitos mais intensos e burlar a legislação, modificando constantemente sua estrutura química, o que dificulta sua identificação. Objetivo: Esta revisão aborda o tema dos canabinoides sintéticos, incluindo sua caracterização química, farmacologia, toxicologia e aspectos legais relacionados à sua regulamentação. Metodologia: A revisão sistemática foi realizada por meio de buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO e Google Scholar, abrangendo o período de 2013 a 2024. Os termos de busca incluíram "canabinoides sintéticos", "efeitos adversos", "legislação", "farmacologia", "toxicologia clínica" e "química", combinados com o operador booleano AND. Resultados: As estruturas químicas e os grupos funcionais são apresentados para compreender as complexidades da nomenclatura e da identificação. Os efeitos fisiológicos e os mecanismos de ação dos canabinoides sintéticos são discutidos, assim como seus potenciais efeitos toxicológicos. Por fim, os mecanismos regulatórios e seu impacto na legislação internacional relativa ao controle do tráfico ilícito são abordados. Conclusões: O surgimento contínuo de canabinoides sintéticos representa um problema para os sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo. Compreender as características químicas, as estruturas, a nomenclatura e a classificação, bem como as metodologias analíticas utilizadas para sua identificação, os aspectos farmacológicos e os achados toxicológicos, além das complicações e desafios no âmbito da legislação global para seu controle, é fundamental para a comunidade científica.
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