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Evaluation of antifungal and antibiofilm activity of commercial mouthwashes sold in Türkiye against oral biofilm-forming yeasts: an in vitro microbiological study
Evaluación de la actividad antifúngica y antibiofilm de enjuagues bucales comerciales vendidos en Turquía contra levaduras formadoras de biofilm oral: un estudio microbiológico in vitro
Avaliação da atividade antifúngica e antibiofilme de enxaguantes bucais comerciais vendidos na Turquia contra leveduras formadoras de biofilme oral: um estudo microbiológico in vitro
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n1.119332Palabras clave:
oral hygiene, mouthwash, antifungal activity, antibiofilm activity (en)higiene bucal, enjuague bucal, actividad antifúngica, actividad antibiofilm (es)
higiene bucal, enxaguante bucal, atividade antifúngica, atividade antibiofilme (pt)
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Introduction: In recent years, the use of mouthwashes has become quite common in various situations, from bad breath to treating minor infections. Although oral care products have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, little is known about their antifungal properties, and studies on antifungal and antibiofilm activity on oral-isolated Candida isolates are limited. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of the best-selling mouthwashes in Türkiye against yeast strains isolated from the mouth, known for their strong biofilm production. Methods: This study investigated the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of twenty-five commercially available types of mouthwash against 19 Candida sp. and 1 Pichia manshurica strains isolated from the oral cavity of 18- 25-year-olds. Results: It was determined that twelve mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride had antifungal activity. It was determined that MIC values of mouthwashes varied between 0.20 and 1.56 µL/mL. Also, the effect of mouthwashes on mature biofilm and biofilm formation was evaluated according to MIC values. It was determined that mouthwashes are remarkably effective during biofilm formation but have little effect on mature biofilm structure. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that mouthwashes may possess not only antibacterial but also antifungal properties. Mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride have been shown to exhibit antifungal activity against oral Candida species, as confirmed by MIC values. Furthermore, these mouthwashes strongly inhibit biofilm formation but have a limited impact on the structure of mature biofilms. These findings suggest that mouthwashes should undergo evaluation for their antifungal effects and may play a significant role in clinical applications, particularly due to their biofilm-inhibiting characteristics.
Introducción: En los últimos años, el uso de enjuagues bucales se ha generalizado en diversas situaciones, desde el mal aliento hasta el tratamiento de infecciones leves. Si bien los productos de higiene bucal poseen un amplio espectro de actividad antibacteriana, se conoce poco sobre sus propiedades antifúngicas, y los estudios sobre la actividad antifúngica y antibiofilm en cepas de Candida aisladas de la cavidad oral son limitados. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la actividad antifúngica y antibiofilm de los enjuagues bucales más vendidos en Turquía contra cepas de levaduras aisladas de la cavidad oral, conocidas por su alta capacidad de formación de biofilm. Métodos: Se investigó la actividad antifúngica y antibiofilm de veinticinco enjuagues bucales comerciales contra 19 cepas de Candida sp. y 1 cepa de Pichia manshurica aisladas de la cavidad oral de personas de entre 18 y 25 años. Resultados: Se determinó que doce enjuagues bucales que contenían cloruro de cetilpiridinio presentaban actividad antifúngica. Se determinó que los valores de la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) de los enjuagues bucales variaban entre 0,20 y 1,56 µL/mL. Asimismo, se evaluó el efecto de los enjuagues bucales sobre la biopelícula madura y su formación en función de los valores de la CIM. Se determinó que los enjuagues bucales son notablemente eficaces durante la formación de la biopelícula, pero tienen poco efecto sobre la estructura de la biopelícula madura. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra que los enjuagues bucales pueden poseer propiedades tanto antibacterianas como antifúngicas. Se ha demostrado que los enjuagues bucales que contienen cloruro de cetilpiridinio presentan actividad antifúngica contra especies de Candida oral, como lo confirman los valores de la CIM. Además, estos enjuagues bucales inhiben fuertemente la formación de biopelícula, pero tienen un impacto limitado en la estructura de las biopelículas maduras. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los enjuagues bucales deben someterse a una evaluación por sus efectos antifúngicos y podrían desempeñar un papel importante en aplicaciones clínicas, en particular debido a sus características inhibidoras de la biopelícula.
Introdução: Nos últimos anos, o uso de enxaguantes bucais tornou-se bastante comum em diversas situações, desde mau hálito até o tratamento de infecções menores. Embora os produtos para higiene bucal apresentem um amplo espectro de atividade antibacteriana, pouco se sabe sobre suas propriedades antifúngicas, e os estudos sobre a atividade antifúngica e antibiofilme em isolados de Candida da cavidade oral são limitados. Objetivo:Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as atividades antifúngica e antibiofilme dos enxaguantes bucais mais vendidos na Turquia contra cepas de leveduras isoladas da cavidade oral, conhecidas por sua forte produção de biofilme. Métodos: Este estudo investigou a atividade antifúngica e antibiofilme de 25 tipos de enxaguantes bucais disponíveis comercialmente contra 19 cepas de Candida sp. e 1 cepa de Pichia manshurica isoladas da cavidade oral de indivíduos de 18 a 25 anos. Resultados: Foi determinado que doze enxaguantes bucais contendo cloreto de cetilpiridínio apresentaram atividade antifúngica. Os valores da CIM (Concentração Inibitória Mínima) dos enxaguantes bucais variaram entre 0,20 e 1,56 µL/mL. Além disso, o efeito dos enxaguantes bucais sobre o biofilme maduro e a formação do biofilme foi avaliado de acordo com os valores da CIM. Constatou-se que os enxaguantes bucais são notavelmente eficazes durante a formação do biofilme, mas têm pouco efeito sobre a estrutura do biofilme maduro. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstra que os enxaguantes bucais podem possuir propriedades não apenas antibacterianas, mas também antifúngicas. Os enxaguantes bucais contendo cloreto de cetilpiridínio demonstraram atividade antifúngica contra espécies de Candida oral, conforme confirmado pelos valores da CIM. Além disso, esses enxaguantes bucais inibem fortemente a formação do biofilme, mas têm um impacto limitado na estrutura dos biofilmes maduros. Esses achados sugerem que os enxaguantes bucais devem ser avaliados quanto aos seus efeitos antifúngicos e podem desempenhar um papel significativo em aplicações clínicas, principalmente devido às suas características inibidoras de biofilme.
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