Publicado

2026-09-11

Native and chemically modified polysaccharides from Opuntia ficus-indica (l.) Mill. cladodes: Chemical characterization and complement fixating properties

Polisacáridos nativos y químicamente modificados de cladodios de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.: caracterización química y propiedades de fijación del sistema del complemento

Polissacarídeos nativos e quimicamente modificados de cladódios de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.: caracterização química e propriedades de fixação do sistema complemento

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n3.123584

Palabras clave:

Prickly pear cactus, pectin, arabinogalactan-protein, biological response modifiers, complement fixation test, immunomodulation (en)
Nopal, pectina, arabinogalactano-proteína, moduladores de la respuesta biológica, prueba de fijación del complemento, inmunomodulación (es)
Palma forrageira, pectina, arabinogalactana-proteína, moduladores da resposta biológica, teste de fixação do complemento, imunomodulação (pt)

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Autores/as

  • Hayanna Karla Felipe Santos Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. P.O. Box 19046.
  • Luciano Henrique Campestrini Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-900, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4522-9541
  • Raquely Moreira Lenzi Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-900, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-6853
  • Monique Adriani Garcia da Silva Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-900, Curitiba, PR, Brazil,
  • Selma Faria Zawadzki Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-900, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7645-2902
  • Juliana Bello Baron Maurer Universidade Federal do Paraná https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-331X

Introduction: Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. is a cactus species rich in bioactive compounds, particularly pectic polysaccharides from cladode mucilage, with relevant biological activities. Objective: This study aimed to characterize native and chemically modified polysaccharide fractions (carboxy-reduced and sulfated) from O. ficus-indica cladodes and evaluate their in vitro effects on the classical pathway of the human complement system. Methodology: Chemical composition was determined by spectrophotometric assays (uronic acids, acetyl, and sulfate groups), gas chromatography (neutral monosaccharides), and HPAEC-PAD (uronic acids). Molecular weight and homogeneity were evaluated by HPSEC-RI-MALLS, and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) were analyzed by radial gel diffusion. Structural characterization was performed using infrared spectroscopy and NMR. Complement activity was assessed by hemolytic microassay, determining IC50 values for inhibition of sensitized sheep erythrocyte lysis. Commercial pectic acid (CPA) and heparin were used as references. Results: The native fraction (NP-OFI) showed a highly branched pectin-like structure (Mw 8.6 × 106 g/mol), rich in arabinose, xylose, galactose, uronic acids, and AGPs, and activated the classical pathway (IC50 = 209 µg/mL). In contrast, the carboxy-reduced fraction (CP-OFI) and CPA were inactive, indicating that linear structures lacking side chains do not modulate complement activity. The sulfated fraction (SP-OFI) strongly inhibited complement activation (IC50 = 1.4–1.7 µg/mL), showing higher activity than heparin (IC50 = 23 µg/mL). Conclusion: Complement modulation by Opuntia polysaccharides depends on structural features. While branching and AGPs are associated with activation, sulfation is the key determinant of strong inhibitory activity, highlighting their potential for developing complement-targeting biomolecules.

Introducción: Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. es un cactus rico en compuestos bioactivos, especialmente polisacáridos pécticos presentes en los cladodios, con diversas actividades biológicas. Objetivo: Caracterizar fracciones de polisacáridos nativas y químicamente modificadas (carboxirreducción y sulfatación) de cladodios de O. ficus-indica y evaluar sus efectos in vitro sobre la vía clásica del sistema del complemento humano. Metodología: La composición química se determinó mediante ensayos espectrofotométricos (ácidos urónicos, grupos acetilo y sulfato), cromatografía de gases (monosacáridos neutros) y HPAEC-PAD (ácidos urónicos). El peso molecular y la homogeneidad se evaluaron mediante HPSEC-RI-MALLS, y las arabinogalactano-proteínas (AGPs) por difusión radial en gel. La caracterización estructural se realizó mediante espectroscopía infrarroja y RMN. La actividad del complemento se evaluó mediante microensayo hemolítico, determinando valores de IC50 para la inhibición de la lisis de eritrocitos de oveja sensibilizados. Se utilizaron ácido péctico comercial (CPA) y heparina como referencias. Resultados: La fracción nativa (NP-OFI) presentó una estructura altamente ramificada tipo pectina (Mw 8,6 × 106 g/mol), rica en arabinosa, xilosa, galactosa, ácidos urónicos y AGPs, y activó la vía clásica (IC50 = 209 µg/mL). En contraste, la fracción carboxirreducida (CP-OFI) y el CPA fueron inactivos, indicando que estructuras lineales sin cadenas laterales no modulan el complemento. La fracción sulfatada (SP-OFI) inhibió fuertemente la activación (IC50 = 1,4–1,7 µg/mL), superando la heparina (IC50 = 23 µg/mL). Conclusión: La modulación del complemento depende de características estructurales. Mientras que la ramificación y las AGPs están asociadas con la activación, la sulfatación es el principal determinante de la actividad inhibitoria.

Introdução: Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. é um cacto rico em compostos bioativos, especialmente polissacarídeos pécticos presentes nos cladódios, com relevantes atividades biológicas. Objetivo: Caracterizar polissacarídeos nativo e quimicamente modificados (carboxirreduzidas e sulfatadas) de cladódios de O. ficus-indica e avaliar seus efeitos in vitro sobre a via clássica do sistema complemento humano. Metodologia: A composição química foi determinada por ensaios espectrofotométricos (ácidos urônicos, grupos acetil e sulfato), cromatografia gasosa (monossacarídeos neutros) e HPAEC-PAD (ácidos urônicos). O peso molecular e a homogeneidade foram avaliados por HPSEC-RI-MALLS, e as arabinogalactana-proteínas (AGPs) por difusão radial em gel. A caracterização estrutural foi realizada por espectroscopia no infravermelho e RMN. A atividade do complemento foi avaliada por microensaio hemolítico, determinando valores de IC₅₀ para inibição da lise de eritrócitos de carneiro sensibilizados. Ácido péctico comercial (CPA) e heparina foram utilizados como referências. Resultados: A fração nativa (NP-OFI) apresentou estrutura altamente ramificada do tipo pectina (Mw 8,6 × 106 g/mol), rica em arabinose, xilose, galactose, ácidos urônicos e AGPs, e ativou a via clássica (IC50 = 209 µg/mL). Em contraste, a fração carboxirreduzida (CP-OFI) e o CPA foram inativos, indicando que estruturas lineares sem cadeias laterais não modulam o complemento. A fração sulfatada (SP-OFI) inibiu fortemente a ativação (IC50 = 1,4–1,7 µg/mL), superando a heparina (IC50 = 23 µg/mL). Conclusão: A modulação do complemento depende de características estruturais. Enquanto a ramificação e as AGPs estão associadas à ativação, a sulfatação é o principal determinante da atividade inibitória, destacando seu potencial em biomoléculas alvo do complemento.

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Felipe Santos, H. K., Campestrini, L. H., Moreira Lenzi, R., Adriani Garcia da Silva, M., Faria Zawadzki , S., & Bello Baron Maurer, J. (2026). Polisacáridos nativos y químicamente modificados de cladodios de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.: caracterización química y propiedades de fijación del sistema del complemento. Revista Colombiana De Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, 55(3), 738-761. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n3.123584

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