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The role of calcium ions and the calcineurin route in fungal virulence: a review
El papel de los iones de calcio y de la vía de calcineurina en la virulencia fúngica: una revisión
O papel dos íons de cálcio e da via de calcineurina na virulência fúngica: uma revisão
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n1.125068Palabras clave:
Calcium, calcineurin, fungi, virulence (en)Calcio, calcineurina, hongos, virulencia (es)
Cálcio, calcineurina, fungos, virulência (pt)
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Introduction: Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) play a fundamental role in regulating various cellular processes and are present in all living organisms. In microorganisms such as fungi, the Ca²⁺ signaling pathway supports essential functions for survival, including stress resistance, apoptosis, growth, reproduction, and virulence. Objective: This review aims to explore the importance of Ca²⁺ and the calcineurin pathway in the development and maintenance of fungal virulence. Method: This is a narrative review based on literature available in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, focusing on articles published between 2015 and 2024. Results: The findings reveal that the calcineurin pathway is crucial for several processes contributing to fungal virulence. Calcineurin becomes active through calmodulin, a protein that requires calcium ions for its activation. The main processes regulated by calcium and calcineurin include the formation and maintenance of cell walls, hyphae, and biofilms. Moreover, these components are involved in conidia formation and increase thermotolerance in certain pathogenic fungi. It is worth noting that calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, have shown synergistic effects when combined with antifungal agents like fluconazole and micafungin. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of Ca²⁺ and the calcineurin pathway as promising pharmacological targets for the development of new antifungal strategies.
Introducción: Los iones de calcio (Ca²⁺) desempeñan un papel fundamental en la regulación de diversos procesos celulares y están presentes en todos los organismos vivos. En microorganismos como los hongos, la vía de señalización del Ca²⁺ sostiene funciones esenciales para la supervivencia, incluyendo la resistencia al estrés, la apoptosis, el crecimiento, la reproducción y la virulencia. Objetivo: Esta revisión tiene como objetivo explorar la importancia del Ca²⁺ y de la vía de la calcineurina en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la virulencia fúngica. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión narrativa basada en la literatura disponible en las bases de datos PubMed y ScienceDirect, con énfasis en artículos publicados entre 2015 y 2024. Resultados: Los resultados revelan que la vía de la calcineurina es crucial para diversos procesos que contribuyen a la virulencia fúngica. La calcineurina se activa a través de la calmodulina, una proteína que requiere iones de calcio para su activación. Los principales procesos regulados por el calcio y la calcineurina incluyen la formación y el mantenimiento de las paredes celulares, las hifas y el biofilm. Además, estos componentes participan en la formación de conidios y aumentan la termotolerancia en ciertos hongos patógenos. Cabe destacar que los inhibidores de la calcineurina, como la ciclosporina A y el tacrolimus, han demostrado efectos sinérgicos cuando se combinan con agentes antifúngicos como el fluconazol y la micafungina. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos destacan el potencial del Ca²⁺ y de la vía de la calcineurina como objetivos farmacológicos prometedores para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias antifúngicas
Introdução: Os íons de cálcio (Ca²⁺) desempenham um papel fundamental na regulação de diversos processos celulares e estão presentes em todos os organismos vivos. Em microrganismos como os fungos, a via de sinalização do Ca²⁺ apoia funções essenciais para a sobrevivência, incluindo resistência ao estresse, apoptose, crescimento, reprodução e virulência. Objetivo: Esta revisão tem como objetivo explorar a importância do Ca²⁺ e da via de calcineurina no desenvolvimento e manutenção da virulência fúngica. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa realizada com base na literatura disponível nas bases de dados PubMed e ScienceDirect, com foco em artigos publicados entre 2015 e 2024. Resultados: Os resultados revelam que a via de calcineurina é crucial para diversos processos que contribuem para a virulência fúngica. A calcineurina torna-se ativa por meio da calmodulina, uma proteína que necessita de íons de cálcio para sua ativação. Os principais processos regulados pelo cálcio e pela calcineurina incluem a formação e manutenção das paredes celulares, das hifas e do biofilme. Além disso, esses componentes estão envolvidos na formação de conídios e aumentam a termotolerância em certos fungos patogênicos. Vale destacar que os inibidores de calcineurina, como a ciclosporina A e o tacrolimo, demonstraram efeitos sinérgicos quando combinados com agentes antifúngicos como fluconazol e micafungina. Conclusões: Esses achados destacam o potencial do Ca²⁺ e da via de calcineurina como alvos farmacológicos promissores para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias antifúngicas.
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