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Explorando os estresses oxidativo e nitrosativo contra fungos: um mecanismo subjacente à ação de tradicionais antifúngicos e um potencial novo alvo terapêutico na busca por indutores oriundos de fontes naturais
Exploring the oxidative and nitrosative stresses against fungi: an underlying mechanism beyond the action of traditional antifungal agents and a potential new therapeutic target in searching for inducers from natural sources
Explorando los estréses oxidativos y nitrosativos contra hongos: un mecanismo subyacente a la acción de los antifúngicos tradicionales y un potencial nuevo objetivo terapéutico en la búsqueda de inductores de fuentes naturales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v50n1.85504Palabras clave:
Estresse oxidativo, Estresse nitrosativo, Fungos, Candida albicans, Antifúngico, Produtos naturais. (pt)Estrés oxidativo, Estrés nitrosativo, Hongos, Candida albicans, Antifúngico, Productos naturales. (es)
Oxidative stress, Nitrosative stress, Yeast, Candida albicans, Antifungal, Natural products (en)
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Objetivo: nesta revisão sistemática, nós avaliamos o link entre indutores de estresse oxidativo e/ou nitrosativo (EO/EN) com atividade antifúngica, através de uma ação direta sobre a célula fúngica e/ou modulando a resposta de fagócitos contra fungos de interesse médico (incluindo Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp. e Aspergillusspp.). Ainda, foram avaliadas as implicações clínicas deste evento bioquímico, bem como as perspectivas quanto à busca por novos compostos com atividade antifúngica, principalmente, os provenientes de fonte natural e, que explorem a indução de um EO ou EN como parte de seu mecanismo de ação. Metodologia: foram avaliados artigos, provenientes de diferentes bases de dados e publicados a qualquer período, acessados entre abril e junho de 2017, através da utilização de diferentes descritores. Resultados: primeiramente, estabelecemos as definições de EO/EN, como sendo aumento das concentrações de espécies reativas do oxigênio e/ou nitrogênio (ERO/ERN) quantificado diretamente e, provenientes de fontes fúngicas mitocondriais, Reação de Fenton, retículo endoplasmático ou outras não definidas, e excedendo a capacidade de defesa antioxidante do microrganismo (avaliados por análises de perfis transcriptômicos ou proteômicos ou metabolômicos ou níveis de atividade enzimática). Este aumento de ERO/ERN causando EO/EN é definido por tempo e condições que conduzem a sinalização de apoptose ou reais danos a biomoléculas com perda de função (peroxidação lipídica ou oxidação proteica ou danos ao DNA) e, consequentemente, gerando morte fúngica ou outro efeito antifúngico associado. Portanto, 64 artigos (apenas um publicado antes do ano 2000 e 50 entre 2007-2017) abordam que a indução de EO ou EN na célula fúngica é parte do mecanismo de ação de clássicos agentes antifúngicos (22 publicações), tais como azóis (fluconazol, itraconazol e miconazol), polienos (anfotericina B [AnB]) e equinocandinas (mica-fungina), assim como tal modulação redox tem sido reportada como um importante alvo terapêutico na busca por novos e promissores compostos naturais com atividade antifúngica (32 publicações), que tem respaldo pela grande variedade de indutores que podem provir da natureza. Ainda, compostos que também induzem o burstoxidativo de fagócitos, incluindo AnB, são potencializadores do efeito antifúngico in vivo. Além do efeito antifúngico contra células planctônicas, os efeitos dos EO ou EN sobre biofilmes fúngicos, também têm sido reportados. Tem sido firmado na literatura recente um claro link entre EO ou EN e a atividade antifúngica, tanto para aqueles agentes antifúngicos já utilizados na terapêutica em humanos, quanto para possíveis candidatos a fármaco. Portanto, a indução do EO ou EN como parte do mecanismo de ação de antifúngicos demonstra ser um importante alvo terapêutico, com perspectivas favoráveis sobre os desfechos na prática clínica.
Aim:In this systematic review, we evaluated the link between inducers of oxidative or nitrosative stresses (OS/NS) and antifungal activity against fungi of medical relevance (including Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., and Aspergillus spp.), through a direct action on the fungal cell or modulating phagocyte response. Moreover, the clinical implications of this biochemical event, as well as the perspectives, were examined, highlighting the search for new compounds with antifungal activity, mainly those from natural sources and, which explores the induction of OS or NS as part of the mechanism of action. Methodology:Articles from different data-bases and published at any time were evaluated, between April and June 2017, and using different descriptors. Results:First, a definition of OS and NS was established in which an increase in reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS, quantified directly and from mitochondrial, Fenton reaction, endoplasmic reticulum or other fungal sources) should exceed the antioxidant defense capacity of the microorganism (evaluated by transcriptomic or proteomic or metabolomic profiles or enzyme activity levels). These events, by time and conditions delimited, can lead to the signaling of apoptosis or an actual damage toward biomolecules (lipid peroxidation or protein oxidation or DNA damage) and, consequently, they can cause cell death or other associated antifungal effect. Therefore, 64 articles were found, of these, only one was published before 2000 and 50 between 2007-2017, reporting the induction of OS or NS directly into the fungal cell via an increase in ROS or RNS as part of the mechanism of action of classical antifungal agents (22 publications), such as: azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, and micon-azole), polyenes (amphotericin B, [AnB]), and echinocandins (micafungin). This redox modulation has also been reported as an important therapeutic target in the search for new natural compounds with antifungal activity (32 publications), which is supported for the great variety of inducers from nature. Compounds that also induce the oxidative burst of phagocytes, including AnB, promote a combina-torial antifungal effect in vivo. In addition to the antifungal effect against plank-tonic cells, the relation between OS or NS and antifungal activity against fungal biofilms has also been reported. It has been established in the recent literature a clear link between OS or NS and antifungal effect, during the action of anti-fungal agents already used in the therapy in humans as well as for possible drug candidates. Thus, the induction of OS or NS as part of the mechanism of action proves to be an important therapeutic target with favorable perspectives on the outcomes in clinical practice.
Objetivo:esta revisión sistemática, evaluamos el vínculo entre los inductores de estrés oxidativo o nitrosativo (EO/EN) con actividad antifúngica, a través de una acción directa sobre las células fúngicas o modulando la respuesta de los fagocitos contra hongos de interés médico (incluyendo Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp. yAspergillus spp.). Aun así, se evaluaron las implicaciones clínicas de este evento bioquímico, así como las perspectivas con respecto a la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos con actividad antifúngica, principalmente los de fuentes naturales y que exploran la inducción de un EO o EN como parte de su mecanismo. Metodología:entre abril y junio de 2017, evaluamos artículos de diferentes bases de datos publicados en el cualquier período, utilizando diferentes descriptores. Resultados:primero, establecemos las definiciones de EO/EN, como el aumento en las concentraciones de especies reactivas de oxígeno o nitrógeno (ERO/ERN) direc-tamente cuantificadas y, provenientes de fuentes fúngicas mitocondriales, reacción de Fenton, retículo endoplásmicou otros no definido y que excede la capacidad de defensa antioxidante del microorganismo (evaluado por análisis de perfiles trans-criptómicos o proteómicos o metabólicos o niveles de actividad enzimática). Este aumento de ERO/ERN que causa EO/EN se define por el tiempo y las condi-ciones que conducen a la apoptosis o daño real a las biomoléculas con pérdida de función (peroxidación lipídica y/u oxidación de proteínas o daño al ADN) y, en consecuencia, provoca la muerte microbiana u otro efecto antifúngico asociado. Por lo tanto, 64 artículos (solo uno publicado antes del año 2000 y 50 entre 2007-2017) abordan que la inducción de EO o EN en la célula fúngica es parte del meca-nismo de acción de los agentes antifúngicos clásicos (22 publicaciones), como los azoles (fluconazol, itraconazol y miconazol), polienos (anfotericina B [AnB]) y equinocandinas (micafungina), así como dicha modulación redox se ha informado como un objetivo terapéutico importante en la búsqueda de compuestos naturales nuevos y prometedores con actividad antifúngica (32 publicaciones), que está respaldado por la amplia variedad de inductores que pueden provenir de la natu-raleza. Además, los compuestos que también inducen la explosión oxidativa de fagocitos, incluido AnB, son potenciadores del efecto antifúngico in vivo. Además del efecto antifúngico contra las células planctónicas, también se han informado los efectos de EO o EN en las biopelículas fúngicas. Se ha establecido un vínculo claro entre EO o EN y la actividad antifúngica en la literatura reciente, tanto para aquellos agentes antifúngicos ya utilizados en terapia en humanos, c omo para posi-bles candidatos a fármacos. Por lo tanto, la inducción de EO o EN como parte del mecanismo de acción de los antifúngicos es un objetivo terapéutico importante, con perspectivas favorables sobre los resultados en la práctica clínica.
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1. Cláudio Daniel Cerdeira, Maísa R. P. L. Brigagão. (2024). Targeting Macrophage Polarization in Infectious Diseases: M1/M2 Functional Profiles, Immune Signaling and Microbial Virulence Factors. Immunological Investigations, , p.1. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2024.2367682.
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