Correo Electrónico
DNINFOA - SIA
Bibliotecas
Convocatorias
Identidad U.N.
Publicado
Atividades biológicas avaliadas in vitro de espécies do gênero Erythroxylum: uma revisão de literatura
Biological activities evaluated in vitro of species of the genus Erythroxylum: a literature review
Actividades biológicas evaluadas in vitro de especies del género Erythroxylum: una revisión de la literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v51n1.96629Palabras clave:
Erythroxylum, in vitro, antioxidante, anticâncer, antidiabética (pt)Erythroxylum, in vitro, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic (en)
Erythroxylum, in vitro, antioxidante, anticancerígeno, antidiabético (es)
Descargas
Introdução: o gênero Erythroxylum é composto por 230 espécies distribuídas em regiões subtropicais da América do Sul, que são utilizadas pela população tradicional para o tratamento de diversos acometimentos, como febre, asma, sinusite, gripe, sangramento, amenorreia, afecções virais, dentre outros. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre as atividades biológicas in vitro de espécies do gênero Erythroxylum. Metodologia: para o presente estudo foram utilizadas as bases eletrônicas: LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect e BIREME. Os descritores consultados foram: Erythroxylum AND in vitro. Resultados e discussão: um total de 64 artigos foram selecionados para compor a revisão após emprego da ferramenta PRISMA e serem avaliados quanto aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Esse levantamento demonstrou que diversas espécies do gênero Erythroxylum apresentaram suas propriedades biológicas validadas através de estudos in vitro, com destaque para as atividades antioxidante, antibiótica, anticâncer, anti-hipertensiva, antidiabética e neuroprotetora. Conclusão: mais estudos devem ser realizados a fim de elucidar as propriedades biológicas de Erythroxylum sp., visto que apenas 30 espécies do gênero foram estudadas até o presente momento.
Introduction: The genus Erythroxylum is composed of 230 species distributed in subtropical regions of South America, these are used by the traditional population for the treatment of various disorders, such as fever, asthma, sinusitis, flu, bleeding, amenorrhea, viral disorders, among others. Aim: To carry out a systematic literature review on the in vitro biological activities of species of the genus Erythroxylum. Methodology: For this study, the following electronic databases were used: LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect and BIREME. The descriptors consulted were: Erythroxylum AND in vitro. Results and discussion: A total of 64 articles were selected to compose the review after using the PRISMA tool and to be evaluated for inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study demonstrated that several species of the genus Erythroxylum presented their biological properties validated through in vitro studies, with emphasis on the antioxidant, antibiotic, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic and neuroprotective activities. Conclusion: Further studies should be carried out in order to elucidate the biological properties of Erythroxylum sp., since only 30 species of the genus have been studied so far.
Introducción: el género Erythroxylum está compuesto por 230 especies distribuidas en las regiones subtropicales de América del Sur, estas son utilizadas por la población tradicional para el tratamiento de diversos trastornos, como fiebre, asma, sinusitis, gripe, hemorragias, amenorrea, trastornos virales, entre otros. Objetivo: realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre las actividades biológicas in vitro de especies del género Erythroxylum. Metodología: para este estudio se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos electrónicas: LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect y BIREME. Los descriptores consultados fueron: Erythroxylum AND in vitro.Resultados y discusión: un total de 64 artículos fueron seleccionados para componer la revisión después de utilizar la herramienta PRISMA y para ser evaluados por criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Este estudio demostró que varias especies del género Erythroxylum presentaron sus propiedades biológicas validadas a través de estudios in vitro, con énfasis en las actividades, antioxidante, antibiótica, anticancerígena, antihipertensiva, antidiabética y neuroprotectora. Conclusión: se deben realizar más estudios para dilucidar las propiedades biológicas de Erythroxylum sp., ya que hasta el momento solo se han estudiado 30 especies del género.
Referencias
J.S. Lins, A.R.R.A. Silva, C.A.G. Dantas, M.C. Duarte, A.P.N. Prata, R.N.S. Filho, J.F. Tavares, M.S. Silva, V.C.O. Costa, Busca por metabólitos secundários na espécie Erythroxylum rimosum O. E. Schulz, Revista Virtual de Química, 11(2), 468-474 (2019).
D.A. Restrepo, E. Saenz, O.A. Jara-Muñoz, I.F. Calixto-Botía, S. Rodríguez-Suárez, P. Zuleta, B.G. Chavez, J.A. Sanchez, J.C. D’Auria, Erythroxylum in focus: An interdisciplinary review of an overlooked genus, Molecules, 24(20) 3788 (2019).
C.M.O. Simões, E.P. Schenkel, J.C.P. Mello, L.A. Mentz, P.R. Petrovick, Farmacognosia: do produto natural ao medicamento, Artmed, Porto Alegre, 2017, Vol. 3, p. 486.
E.M.O. Ribeiro, L.S. Lima, J.M. David, A.E. Vale, L.M.X. Lopes, J.P. David, A new tropane alkaloid and other constituents of Erythroxylum rimosum (Erythroxylaceae), Phytochemistry Letters, 6, 232-235 (2013).
E.C. Oliveira, R.A.S. Cruz, N.M. Amorim, M.G. Santos, L.C.S.P. Junior, E.O.F. Sanchez, C.P. Fernandes, R. Garrett, L.M. Rocha, A.L. Fuly, Protective effect of the plant extracts of Erythroxylum sp. against toxic effects induced by the venom of Lachesis muta snake, Molecules, 21, 1350 (2016).
G.M. Pereira, L.G.L. Moreira, T.S.N. Neto, W.A.M. Almeida, J. Almeida-Lima, H.A.O. Rocha, E.G. Barbosa, J.A.S. Zuanazzi, M.V. Almeida, R.M. Grazul, A. Navarro-Vázquez, F. Hallwass, L.S. Ferreira, M.F Fernandes-Pedrosa, R.B. Giordani, Isolation, spectral characterization, molecular docking, and cytotoxic activity of alkaloids from Erythroxylum pungens O. E. Shulz. Phytochemistry, 155, 12-18 (2018).
V. Gamarra, C. Fuertes, N. Chávez, D. Contreras, E. Goya, K. Huamantumba, F. Retuerto, G.R. Pacco, Metabolitos detectados en las hojas de Erythroxylum coca Lam y Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron y evaluación de sus propiedades biológicas mediante bioensayos, Revista Peruana de Medicina Integrativa, 2(4), 828-234 (2017).
I. Rodeiro, M.T. Donato, A. Lahoz, J.A. González-Lavaut, A. Laguna, J.V. Castell, R. Delgado, M.J. Gómez-Lechón, Modulation of P450 enzymes by Cuban natural products rich in polyphenolic compounds in rat hepatocytes, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 172(1), 1-10 (2008).
H. Fortin, C. Vigor, F. Lohézic-Le Dévéhat, V. Robin, B. Le Bossé, J. Boustie, M. Amoros, in vitro antiviral activity of thirty-six plants from La Reunion Island, Fitoterapia, 73, 346-350 (2002).
M.S. Al-Said, W.C. Evans, R.J. Grout, Alkaloids of Erythroxylum macrocarpum and E. sideroxyloides, Phytochemistry, 25(4), 851-853 (1986).
R.K. Wesam, A.N. Ghanya, H.H. Mizaton, M. ILham, A. Aishah, Assessment of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of standardized aqueous extract from leaves of Erythroxylum cuneatum in human HepG2 and WRL68 cells line, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 6(10), 811-816 (2013).
M.A. Soobrattee, T. Bahorun, V.S. Neergheen, K. Googoolye, O.I. Aruoma, Assessment of the content of phenolics and antioxidant actions of the Rubiaceae, Ebenaceae, Celastraceae, Erythroxylaceae and Sterculaceae families of Mauritian endemic plants, Toxicology in Vitro, 22, 45-56 (2008).
M.A. Piriz, C.A.B. Lima, C.M.R. Jardim, M.K. Mesquita, A.D.Z. Souza, R.M. Heck, Plantas medicinais no processo de cicatrização de feridas: uma revisão de literatura, Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 16(3), 628-636 (2014).
K. Hansen, A. Adsersen, U.W. Smiti, U. Nyman, S.B. Christensen, C. Schwartner, H. Wagner, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory flavonoids from Erythroxylum laurifolium, Phytomedicine, 2(4), 313-317 (1996).
N. Rummun, V.S. Neergheen-Bhujun, K.B. Pynee, C. Baider, T. Bahorun, The role of endemic plants in Mauritian folkloric medicine. Therapeutic efficacy or placebo effect? Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 213, 111-117 (2017).
M.D. Lucas-Filho, G.C. Silva, S.F. Cortes, T.R. Mares-Guia, V. Perpétua Ferraz, C.P. Serra, F.C. Braga, ACE inhibition by astilbin isolated from Erythroxylum gonocladum (Mart.) O.E. Schulz, Phytomedicine, 17, 383-387 (2010).
C.M.N. Picot, A.H. Subratty, M.F. Mahomoodally, Inhibitory potential of five traditionally used native antidiabetic medicinal plants on 𝛼-amylase, 𝛼-glucosidase, glucose entrapment, and amylolysis kinetics in vitro, Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 2014, 739834 (2014).
A.B. Shori, Screening of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of medicinal plants, Journal of Integrative Medicine, 13(5), 297-305 (2015).
F.M. Mahomoodally, A.H. Subratty, A. Gurib-Fakim, M.I. Choudhary, Antioxidant, antiglycation and cytotoxicity evaluation of selected medicinal plants of the Mascarene Islands, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12, 165 (2012).
G. Bindu, R.K. Suripeddi, Development and validation of HPTLC method for identification and quantification of sterols from leaves of Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. and in vitro evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-glycation activities, South African Journal of Botany, 137, 24-34 (2021).
S.T. Elias, C.C.S. Macedo, L.A. Simeoni, D. Silveira, P.O. Magalhães, A. Lofrano-Porto, R.D. Coletta, F.A.R. Neves, E.N.S. Guerra, Cytotoxic effect of Erythroxylum daphnites extract is associated with G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma, Cell Cycle, 15 (7), 948-956 (2016).
J.S. Aguiar, R.O. Araújo, M.D. Rodrigues, K.X.F.R. Sena, A.M. Batista, M.M.P Guerra, S.L Oliveira, J.F. Tavares, M.S. Silva, S.C. Nascimento, T.G. Silva, Anti-microbial, antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities of extract, fractions and isolated compounds from the stem of Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(4), 4124-4140 (2012).
P. Ramhit, L. Ragoo, T. Bahorun, V.S. Neergheen-Bhujun, Multi-targeted effects of untapped resources from the Mauritian endemic flora, South African Journal of Botany, 115, 208-216 (2018).
T.B.C. Macedo, S.T. Elias, H.M. Torres, F.P. Yarnamoto-Silva, D. Silveira, P.O. Magalhães, A. Lofrano-Porto, E.N.S. Guerra, M.A.G. Silva, Cytotoxic effect of Erythroxylum suberosum combined with radiotherapy in head and neck cancer cell lines, Brazilian Dental Journal, 27(1), 108-112 (2016).
D. Chávez, B. Cui, H.B. Chai, R. García, M. Mejía, N.R. Farnsworth, G.A. Cordell, J.M. Pezzuto, A.D. Kinghorn, Reversal of multidrug resistance by tropane alkaloids from the stems of Erythroxylum rotundifolium, Journal of Natural Products, 65(4), 606-610 (2002).
P. Joshi, R.A. Vishwakarma, S.B. Bharate, Natural alkaloids as P-gp inhibitors for multidrug resistance reversal in cancer, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 138, 273-292 (2017).
G.L. Silva, B. Cui, D. Chávez, M. You, H.B. Chai, P. Rosoanaivo, S.M. Lynn, M.J. O’Neill, J.A. Lewis, J.M. Besterman, A. Monks, N.R. Farnsworth, G.A. Cordell, J.M. Pezzuto, A.D. Kinghorn, Modulation of the multidrug-resistance phenotype by new tropane alkaloid aromatic esters from Erythroxylum pervillei, Journal of Natural Products, 64(12), 1514-1520 (2001).
Q. Mi, B. Cui, D. Chávez, H. Chai, G.A. Cordell, S. Hedayat, H. Zhu, A.D. Kinghorn, J.M. Pezzuto, Characterization of novel tropane alkaloid aromatic esters that reverse the multidrug-resistance phenotype, Anticancer Research, 22(3), 1385-1398 (2002).
M. Wang, Z.F Liu, H. Tang, B.A. Chen, Application of alkaloids in reversing multidrug resistance in human cancers, Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 16(8), 561-571 (2018).
Q. Mi, B. Cui, D. Lanvit, E. Reyes-Lim, H. Chai, J.M. Pezzuto, A.D. Kinghorn, S.M. Swanson, Pervilleine F, a new tropane alkaloid aromatic ester that reverses multidrug resistance, Anticancer Research, 23(5), 3607-3615 (2003).
H.M. Abdallah, A.M. Al-abd, R.S. El-Dine, A.M El-Halawany, P-glycoprotein inhibitors of natural origin as potential tumor chemo-sensitizers: A review, Journal of Advanced Research, 6, 45-62 (2015).
Q. Mi, B. Cui, G.L. Silva, D. Lanvit, E. Lim, H. Chai, M.G. Hollingshead, J.G. Mayo, A.D. Kinghorn, J.M. Pezzuto, Pervilleines B and C, new tropane alkaloid aromatic esters that reverse the multidrug-resistance in the hollow fiber assay, Cancer Letters, 84(1), 13-20 (2002).
L.S.O. Brito, F.C.L. Pinto, M.O.M. Filho, D.D. Rocha, M.F.M. Mendonza, A.P. Ayala, B.P. Bezerra, M.I.B. Loiola, K.M. Canuto, E.R. Silveira, O.D.L. Pessoa, Tropane alkaloids from the stem bark of Erythroxylum bezerrae, Phytochemistry, 178, 112458 (2020).
V.S. Neergheen, T. Bahorun, L.S. Jen, O. Aruoma, Bioefficacy of mauritian endemic medicinal plants: assessment of their phenolic contents and antioxidant potential, Pharmaceutical Biology, 45(1), 9-17 (2007).
A. Ledoux, M. Cao, O. Jansen, M. Lucia, P.E. Campos, B. Payet, P. Clerc, I. Grodin, E. Girad-Valenciennes, T. Hermann, M. Litaudon, C. Vanderheydt, L. Delang, J. Neyts, P. Leyssen, M. Frederich, J. Smadla, Anti-chikungunya virus and antioxidant activities of 64 endemic plants from the Mascarene Islands, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 52(5), 622-628 (2018).
W.H.P. Córdova, M.G. Matos, J. Tabart, C. Kevers, J. Dommes, In vitro characterization of antioxidant properties of Cuban endemic varieties of Erythroxylum alaternifolium A. Rich. Isolation of two flavonol glycosides, Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 57(4), 1340-1343 (2012).
A. Poblete, C. López-Alarcón, E. Lissi, A.M. Campos, Oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) values of herbal teas obtained employing different methodologies can provide complementary data, Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 54(2), 154-157 (2009).
V.A. Villanueva, H.M. Nakata, Plantas medicinales: Efecto antibacteriano in vitro de Plantago major L, Erythroxylum novogranatense, Plowman var truxillense y Camellia sinensis sobre bacterias de importância estomatológica, Odontología Sanmarquina, 13(2), 21-25 (2010).
L.M. Luna-Vílchez, C.D. Díaz-Vélez, F.B. Baca-Dejo, Efecto del extracto acuoso, ácido y alcohólico de las hojas secas de Erythroxylum coca var coca (coca) en Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis y Candida albicans in vitro, Horizonte Médico, 17(1), 25-30 (2017).
A.F. Correia, D. Silveira, Y.M. Fonseca-Bazzo, P.O. Magalhães, C.W. Fagg, E.C. Silva, S.M. Gomes, L. Gandolfi, R. Pratesi, Y.K.M. Nóbrega, Activity of crude extracts from Brazilian cerrado plants against clinically relevant Candida species, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, 203 (2016).
I.M.P. Violante, L. Hamerski, W.S. Garcez, A.L. Batista, M.R. Chang, V.J. Pott, F.R. Garcez, Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants from the Cerrado of the central-western region of Brazil, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 43(4), 1302-1308 (2012).
J. Pilna, E. Vlkova, K. Krofta, V. Nesvadba, V. Rada, L. Kokoska, In vitro growth-inhibitory effect of ethanol GRAS plant and supercritical CO2 hop extracts on planktonic cultures of oral pathogenic microorganisms, Fitoterapia, 105, 260-268 (2015).
F.M. Mahomoodally, A. Gurib-Fakim, A.H. Subratty, Antimicrobial Activities and Phytochemical Profiles of Endemic Medicinal Plants of Mauritius, Pharmaceutical Biology, 43(3), 237-242 (2005).
A. Gurib-Fakim, H. Subratty, F. Narod, J. Govinden-Soulange, F. Mahomoodally, Biological activity from indigenous medicinal plants of Mauritius, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 77(1), 41-51 (2005).
L. Jelager, A. Gurib-Fakim, A. Adsersen, Antibacterial and antifungal activity of medicinal plants of Mauritius, Pharmaceutical Biology, 36(3), 153-161 (1998).
O. Rangasamy, G. Raoelison, F.E. Rakotoniriana, K. Cheuk, S. Urverg-Ratsimamanga, J. Quetin-Leclercq, A. Gurib-Fakim, A.H. Subratty, Screening for anti-infective properties of several medicinal plants of the Mauritians flora, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109, 331-337 (2007).
M.D.C. Sales, H.B. Costa, P.M.B. Fernandes, J.A. Ventura, D.D. Meira, Antifungal activity of plant extracts with potential to control plant pathogens in pineapple, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(1), 26-31 (2016).
V. Venkatesalu, N. Gopalan, C.R. Pillai, V. Singh, M. Chandrasekaran, A. Senthilkumar, N. Chandramouli, In vitro anti-plasmodial activity of some traditionally used medicinal plants against Plasmodium falciparum, Parasitology Research, 111, 497-501 (2012).
J.F.O. Costa, Investigação de atividades anti-Leishmania amazonensis, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi e imunomoduladora em extratos de plantas do semiárido brasileiro, dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2004, 80 p.
F. Lohezic, M. Amoros, J. Boustie, L. Girre, Antiherpetic activity of Erythroxylon laurifolium (Erythroxylaceae), Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications, 5(3), 249-253 (1999).
H. Manabe, H. Sakagami, H. Ishizone, H. Kusano, M. Fujimaki, C. Wada, N. Komatsu, H. Nakashima, T. Murakami, N. Yamamoto, Effects of Catuaba extracts on microbial and HIV infection, In Vivo, 6(2), 161-166 (1992).
H. Sakagami, T. Kushida, T. Oizumi, H. Nakashima, T. Makino, Distribution of lignin–carbohydrate complex in plant kingdom and its functionality as alternative medicine, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 128(1), 91-105 (2010).
A. Mandal, D. Biswas, B. Hazra, Natural products from plants with prospective anti-HIV activity and relevant mechanisms of action, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 66(1), 225-271 (2020).
I.I. Matsuse, Y.A. Lim, M. Hattori, M. Correa, M.P. Gupta, A search for anti-viral properties in Panamanian medicinal plants. The effects on HIV and its essential enzymes, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64(1), 15-22 (1999).
F.M. Mahomoodally, A. Mesaik, M.I. Choudhary, A.H. Subratty, A. Gurib-Fakim, In vitro modulation of oxidative burst via release of reactive oxygen species from immune cells by extracts of selected tropical medicinal herbs and food plants, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5(6), 440-447 (2012).
Y.W. Chin, W.P. Jonest, T.J. Waybright, T.G. McCloud, P. Rasoanaivo, G.M. Cragg, J.M. Cassady, A.D. Kinghorn, Evaluation of the cholinergic and adrenergic effects of two tropane alkaloids from Erythroxylum pervillei, Phytotherapy Research, 21(10), 1002-1005 (2007).
Z. Zhao, H. Song, J. Xie, T. Liu, X. Zhao, X. Chen, X, He, S. Wu, Y. Zhang, X. Zheng, Research progress in the biological activities of 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) derivatives, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 173, 213-227 (2019).
K. Luck, J. Jirschitzka, S. Irmisch, M. Huber, J. Gershenzon, T.G. Köllner, CYP79D enzymes contribute to jasmonic acid-induced formation of aldoximes and other nitrogenous volatiles in two Erythroxylum species, BMC Plant Biology, 16, 215 (2016).
Y.L. Zhu, M.F. Sun, X.B. Jia, K. Cheng, Y.D Xu, Z.L. Zhou, P.H. Zhang, C.M. Oiao, C. Cui, X. Chen, X.S. Yang, Y.O. Shen, Neuroprotective effects of Astilbin on MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease mice: Glial reaction, α-synuclein expression and oxidative stress, International Immunopharmacology, 66, 19-27 (2019).
I. Rodeiro, M.T. Donato, I. Martínez, I. Hernández, G. Garrido, J.A. González-Lavaut, R. Menéndez, A. Laguna, J.V. Castell, M.J. Gómez-Lechón, Potential hepatoprotective effects of new Cuban natural products in rat hepatocytes culture, Toxicology in Vitro, 22, 1242-1249 (2008).
N.A. Suliman, M.A.M. Moklas, C.N.M. Taib, M.I. Adenan, M.T.H. Baharuldin, R. Basir, Z. Amom, Morphine antidependence of Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz in neurotransmission processes in vitro, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016, 3517209 (2016).
M.L. Barreiros, J.P. David, J.M. David, L.M.X. Lopes, M.S. Sá, J.F.O. Costa, M.Z. Almeida, Ryanodane diterpenes from two Erythroxylum species, Phytochemistry, 68(13), 1735-1739 (2007).
R.N. Takahashi, J.Β. Calixto, I.M. Costa, T.C.M. Lima, G.S. Morato, M. Nicolau, G.A. Rae, R.M.R. Valle, R.A. Yunes, Análise química e perfil farmacológico de Erythroxylum argentinum, Supl. Acta Amazônica, 18(1-2), 407-429 (1998).
K.C. Santos, A.P.O. Monte, J.T. Lima, L.A.A. Ribeiro, R.C. Palheta-Junior, Role of NO–cGMP pathway in ovine cervical relaxation induced by Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman, Animal Reproduction Science, 164, 23-30 (2016).
C. Kletter, S. Glasl, A. Presser, I. Werner, G. Reznicek, S. Narantuya, S. Cellek, E. Haslinger, J. Jurenitsch, Morphological, chemical and functional analysis of catuaba preparations, Planta Medica, 70(10), 993-1000 (2007).
B. Zanolari, D. Guilet, A. Marston, E.F. Queiroz, M.Q. Paulo, K. Hostettmann, Tropane alkaloids from the bark of Erythroxylum vacciniifolium, Journal of Natural Products, 66(4), 497-502 (2003).
Cómo citar
APA
ACM
ACS
ABNT
Chicago
Harvard
IEEE
MLA
Turabian
Vancouver
Descargar cita
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
El Departamento de Farmacia de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia autoriza la fotocopia de artículos y textos para fines de uso académico o interno de las instituciones citando la fuente. Las ideas emitidas por los autores son responsabilidad expresa de estos y no de la revista.
Todo el contenido de esta revista, excepto dónde está identificado, está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons de Atribución 4.0 aprobada en Colombia. Consulte la normativa en: http://co.creativecommons.org/?page_id=13
