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Nanoparticles: A delivery system for antifungals
Nanopartículas: Un sistema de entrega de antifúngicos
Nanopartículas: um sistema de entrega antifúngico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v53n2.114456Keywords:
Nanotechnology, nanomaterials, nanoparticles, antifungals (en)Nanotecnología, nanomateriales, nanopartículas, antifúngicos (es)
Nanotecnologia, nanomateriais, nanopartículas, antifúngicos (pt)
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Introduction: The increase in the incidence of pathologies in which fungi appear as emerging pathogens is mainly associated with opportunistic fungi as well as susceptibility in patients with a certain degree of immunodeficiency because they present some risk factors such as neutropenia, diabetes, surgeries, abuse of antibiotic treatment, nosocomial diseases and transplant patients among others. To date, antifungal therapy is far from being ideal because in addition to resistance to antifungals, there is a limitation of their availability as a consequence of their toxicity, as well as the decrease in the effectiveness of the drug in free form, minimal restricted penetration. to tissues, decreased bioavailability, poor pharmacokinetics, lack of selectivity, severe side effects and low water solubility: Due to this situation, it is necessary to have new therapeutic measures that are efficient to combat mainly invasive mycoses, hence the objective of this review work to know the state of the art of the various antifungal delivery systems. Development of the topic: This bibliographic review addresses the following aspects related to: a) Types and structure of nanomaterials, b) Antifungal activity of nanoparticles and c) In vivo evaluation and cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Conclusion: The development of new technologies and synthesis of nanomaterials emerges as a possible alternative for the treatment of fungal infections. In this work, the main advances related to nanomaterials designed as a possible delivery system for antifungals are presented.
Introducción: El aumento en la incidencia de patologías en las que los hongos aparecen como patógenos emergentes, se asocia principalmente con hongos oportunistas así como con la susceptibilidad en pacientes con cierto grado de inmunodeficiencia debido a que presentan algunos factores de riesgo como son la neutropenia, diabetes, cirugías, abuso de tratamiento con antibióticos, enfermedades nosocomiales y pacientes transplantados entre otros. A la fecha la terapia antifúngica está muy lejos de ser ideal porque además de la resistencia a los antifúngicos, existe una limitación de su disponibilidad como consecuencia de su toxicidad, así como a la disminución de la efectividad del fármaco en forma libre, mínima penetración restringida a tejidos, disminución de la biodisponibilidad, pobre farmacocinética, falta de selectividad, efectos colaterales severos y baja solubilidad en agua: Por esta situación, se obliga a contar con nuevas medidas terapéuticas que sean eficientes para combatir principalmente a las micosis invasivas, de ahí el objetivo del presente trabajo de revisión para conocer el estado del arte de los diversos sistemas de entrega de antifúngicos. Desarrollo del tema: La presente revisión bibliográfica aborda los siguientes aspectos relacionados con: a) Tipos y estructura de los nanomateriales, b) Actividad antifúngica de nanopartículas y c) Evaluación in vivo y citotoxicidad de nanopartículas. Conclusión: El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y síntesis de nanomateriales surge como una posible alternativa para el tratamiento de las infecciones por hongos. En este este trabajo se presentan los principales avances relacionados con nanomateriales diseñados como un posible sistema de entrega de antifúngicos.
Introdução: O aumento da incidência de patologias em que os fungos aparecem como patógenos emergentes está principalmente associado a fungos oportunistas bem como à suscetibilidade em pacientes com certo grau de imunodeficiência por apresentarem alguns fatores de risco como neutropenia, diabetes, cirurgias, abuso de tratamento com antibióticos, doenças nosocomiais e pacientes transplantados, entre outros. Até à data, a terapia antifúngica está longe de ser ideal porque além da resistência aos antifúngicos, existe uma limitação da sua disponibilidade em consequência da sua toxicidade, bem como a diminuição da eficácia do medicamento Nanopartículas: Un sistema de entrega de antifúngicos 539 na forma livre, penetração mínima restrita aos tecidos, diminuição da biodisponibilidade, má farmacocinética, falta de seletividade, efeitos colaterais graves e baixa solubilidade em água: Devido a esta situação, é necessário ter novas medidas terapêuticas que sejam eficientes para combater principalmente micoses invasivas, daí o objetivo deste revisar trabalhos para conhecer o estado da arte dos diversos sistemas de entrega de antifúngicos. Desenvolvimento do tema: Esta revisão bibliográfica aborda os seguintes aspectos relacionados a: a) Tipos e estrutura de nanomateriais, b) Atividade antifúngica de nanopartículas e c) Avaliação in vivo e citotoxicidade de nanopartículas. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e síntese de nanomateriais surge como uma possível alternativa para o tratamento de infecções fúngicas. Neste trabalho são apresentados os principais avanços relacionados aos nanomateriais concebidos como um possível sistema de entrega de antifúngicos.
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