Publicado

2024-04-06

Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria

Evaluación de la calidad del agua y los riesgos para la salud de los metales en las proximidades del vertedero de Gosa, Abuja, Nigeria

Avaliação da qualidade da água e do risco à saúde de metais nas proximidades do lixão de Gosa, Abuja, Nigéria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v53n1.110647

Palabras clave:

Water quality index, hazard quotient, hazard index, incremental lifetime cancer risks (en)
índice de calidad del agua, cociente de peligro, índice de peligro, riesgos incrementales de cáncer a lo largo de la vida (es)
índice de qualidade da água, quociente de perigo, índice de perigo, riscos incrementais de câncer ao longo da vida (pt)

Autores/as

  • Joseph Omada National Open University of Nigeria
  • Emeka Ogoko National Open University of Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0409-4708
  • Henrietta Kelle National Open University of Nigeria
  • Yomi Gideon Kogi State University Anyigba

Introduction: The quality of surface and groundwater and associated public health issues have not received the attention it deserves among the communities within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja, Nigeria. Aim: To assess the physicochemical quality and potential health risks of heavy metals in drinking water resources around the Gosa dumpsite, Abuja, Nigeria. Methodology: Analysis of total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen was done using the gravimetric method and azide modification of Winkler’s method respectively. Sulphates, nitrates and fluorides concentrations were determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometric methods. Chlorides were determined by argentometric method. Carbonates were analysed using titrimetric method while analysis of metal concentrations was by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The mean levels of turbidity, DO, Fe, Pb, Cd, As, Cr and Mn exceeded the maximum permissible limits. Among all the metals in this study, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn had metal indices greater than 1.0 in both surface water and groundwater while the water quality index (WQI) exceeded the threshold value of 100. The mean hazard quotient for Pb, Cd and As exceeded one, while hazard index (HI) was higher than threshold value (1.0) in all the metals evaluated indicating associated potential chronic health risks. The study revealed that incremental lifetime cancer risks for Cd, As, Cr and Ni were higher than the acceptable safe limits (˂ 1 × 10-4). Conclusion: The higher water index of water revealed that water was polluted and unsafe for drinking. Incremental lifetime cancer risks for Cd, As, Cr and Ni exceeded the safe limits (˂ 1 × 10-4), indicating a potential cancer risk associated with ingestion of these carcinogenic metals through consumption of water by adult population.

Introducción: La calidad del agua superficial y subterránea y los problemas de salud pública asociados no han recibido la atención que merece entre las comunidades cercanas al vertedero de Gosa, Abuja, Nigeria. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad f isicoquímica y los riesgos potenciales para la salud de los metales pesados en los recursos de agua potable alrededor del vertedero de Gosa, Abuja, Nigeria. Metodología: El análisis de sólidos disueltos totales y oxígeno disuelto se realizó mediante el método gravimétrico y modificación con azida del método de Winkler respectivamente. Las concentraciones de sulfatos, nitratos y fluoruros se determinaron mediante métodos espectrofotométricos UV/Vis. Los cloruros se determinaron por el método argentométrico. Los carbonatos se analizaron mediante el método titrimétrico mientras que el análisis de las concentraciones de metales se realizó mediante espectrofotómetro de absorción atómica. Resultados: Los niveles medios de turbidez, DO, Fe, Pb, Cd, As, Cr y Mn superaron los límites máximos permisibles. Entre todos los metales en este estudio, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni y Mn tuvieron índices metálicos superiores a 1,0 tanto en aguas superficiales como subterráneas, mientras que el índice de calidad del agua (ICA) superó el valor umbral de 100. El peligro medio El cociente de Pb, Cd y As superó uno, mientras que el índice de peligrosidad (HI) fue superior al valor umbral (1,0) en todos los metales evaluados, lo que indica posibles riesgos crónicos asociados para la salud. El estudio reveló que los riesgos incrementales de cáncer a lo largo de la vida para Cd, As, Cr y Ni eran superiores a los límites de seguridad aceptables (˂ 1 × 10-4). Conclusión: El índice de agua más alto reveló que el agua estaba contaminada y no era apta para beber. Los riesgos incrementales de cáncer a lo largo de la vida para Cd, As, Cr y Ni excedieron los límites seguros (˂ 1 × 10-4), lo que indica un riesgo potencial de cáncer asociado con la ingestión de estos metales cancerígenos a través del consumo de agua por parte de la población adulta.

Introdução: A qualidade das águas superficiais e subterrâneas e as questões de saúde pública associadas não têm recebido a atenção que merecem entre as comunidades nas proximidades do lixão de Gosa, Abuja, Nigéria. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade físico-química e os potenciais riscos para a saúde dos metais pesados nos recursos de água potável em torno do lixão de Gosa, Abuja, Nigéria. Metodologia: A análise do total de sólidos dissolvidos e oxigênio dissolvido foi realizada utilizando o método gravimétrico e a modificação da azida do método de Winkler, respectivamente. As concentrações de sulfatos, nitratos e fluoretos foram determinadas por métodos espectrofotométricos UV/Vis. Os cloretos foram determinados pelo método argentométrico. Os carbonatos foram analisados pelo método titulométrico enquanto a análise das concentrações metálicas foi realizada por espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. Resultados: Os níveis médios de turbidez, OD, Fe, Pb, Cd, As, Cr e Mn ultrapassaram os limites máximos permitidos. Entre todos os metais neste estudo, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni e Mn apresentaram índices metálicos superiores a 1,0 nas águas superficiais e subterrâneas, enquanto o índice de qualidade da água (IQA) excedeu o valor limite de 100. O perigo médio o quociente para Pb, Cd e As excedeu um, enquanto o índice de perigo (HI) foi superior ao valor limite (1,0) em todos os metais avaliados, indicando potenciais riscos crônicos à saúde associados. O estudo revelou que os riscos incrementais de cancro ao longo da vida para Cd, As, Cr e Ni foram superiores aos limites de segurança aceitáveis (˂ 1 × 10-4). Conclusão: O índice hídrico mais alto da água revelou que a água estava poluída e imprópria para beber. Os riscos incrementais de câncer ao longo da vida para Cd, As, Cr e Ni excederam os limites seguros (˂ 1 × 10-4), indicando um risco potencial de câncer associado à ingestão destes metais cancerígenos através do consumo de água pela população adulta.

Referencias

H.O. Sawyerr, A.T. Adeolu, A.S. Afolabi, O.O. Salami, B.K. Badmos, Impact of dumpsites on the quality of soil and groundwater in satellite towns of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria, Journal Health and Pollution, 7(14), 15-22 (2017). Doi: https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-7.14.15

R. Bharose, B. Lal, Sudhir K Singh, P.K Srivastava, Heavy metals pollution in soil-water-vegetation continuum irrigated with groundwater and untreated sewage, Bulletin of Environmental and Scientific Research, 2(1), 1-8 (2013). URL: http://www.besr.org.in/index.php/besr/article/view/35

K.S. Rawat, S.K. Singh, Water quality indices and GIS-based evaluation of decadal groundwater quality, Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 2(4), 240-255 (2018). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2018.1452462

R.A. Wuana, F.E. Okieimen, Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation, International Scholarly Research Network, ISRN Ecology, 2011, ID 402647 (2011). Doi: https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647

K.A. Ayuba, L. Abd-Manaf, A.H. Sabrina, S.W.N. Azmin, A review on municipal solid waste Management in Nigeria, Journal of American Science, 8(12), 975-982 (2012). URL: https://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/ am0812/134_13610am0812_975_982.pdf

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Demographic Statistics Bulletin, 2020. URL: https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1241121

National Population Commission (NPC), Official release on 2019 population, 2020. URL: https://nationalpopulation.gov.ng/publications

E.C. Ogoko, D. Emeziem, C.I. Osu, Water quality characteristics of floodwater from Aba metropolis, Nigeria, American Chemical Science Journal, 5(2), 174184 (2015). Doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/ACSJ/2015/12649

Z.J. Nasir, S.S.D. Mohammed, G. Mangse, Some physical properties and bacteriological evaluation of raw landfill leachate from Gosa Landfill in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria, Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 27(2), 381-387 (2023). Doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i2.29

A.K. Verma, D.N. Saksena, Assessment of water quality and pollution status of Kalpi (Morar) River, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh: with special reference to conservation and management plan, Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 1(2), 419-429 (2010).

M.B. Ogundiran, O. Osibanjo, Heavy metal concentrations in soils and accumulation in plants growing in a deserted slag dumpsite in Nigeria, African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(17), 3053-3060 (2008). Doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/ AJB08.322

E.C. Ogoko, H.I. Kelle, Pollution status of solid waste disposal site in Owerri municipal, International Journal of Basic Science and Technology, 6(1), 50-57 (2020).

E.C. Ogoko, H.I. Kelle, C.P. Njoku, Heavy metals contamination of solid waste disposal sites in Umuahia, Abia State, Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 46(6), 978-984 (2021).

E.C. Ogoko, S.A. Onyemelukwe, H.I. Kelle, I. Iroegbulem, D. Emeziem, A.A Fagbohun, Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water from Iponri water treatment plant, Lagos water corporation Nigeria, Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry, 34(1), 41-49 (2023). Doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/auoc2023-0007

O. Maxwell, H. Wagiran, Tectonic and radioactivity impacts of 238U on groundwater-based drinking water at Gosa and Lugbe areas of Abuja, North Central Nigeria, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 52(12), 1496-1503 (2015). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2015.1015467

D.K. Boah, S.B. Twum, K.B. Pelig-Ba, Mathematical computation of water quality index of Vea Dam in upper east region of Ghana, Environmental Science, 3(1), 11-16 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/es.2015.4116

US Environmental Protection Agency, Human Health Risk Assessment, USEPA, Washington, D.C., 2014. URL: https://www.epa.gov/risk/human-health-riskassessment

A.O. Omali, J.T. Arogundade, D. Snow, Assessment of health risks associated with contaminants in groundwater in the catchment area of selected dumpsites in Abuja north central Nigeria, Discover Environment, 1, 7 (2023). Doi: https:// doi.org/10.1007/s44274-023-00001-5

A.O. Akinpelu, O.O. Oyewole, B.A. Adekanla, Body size perceptions and weight status of adults in a Nigerian rural community, Annals of Medical and Health Science, 5(5), 358-364 (2015). URL: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ amhsr/article/view/122564

H.I. Kelle, E.C. Ogoko, P.I. Udeozo, D. Achem, J.O. Otumala, Health risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals in rice grown in Nigeria, Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 22(1), 262-273 (2021). URL: https://www.akamai. university/uploads/1/2/7/7/127725089/pjst22_1_262.pdf

H.I. Kelle, E.C. Ogoko, J.K. Nduka, P.I. Udeozo, M.C. Ubani, Health risk assessment of heavy metal exposures through edible clay from south-eastern and south-southern Nigeria, Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 23(1), 113-123 (2022). URL: https://www.akamai.university/uploads/1/2/7/7/127725089/ pjst23_1_113.pdf

C.P. Gerba, Risk Assessment, in: M.L. Brusseau, I.L. Pepper, C.P. Gerba (editors), Environmental and Pollution Science, Elsevier, Inc., Amsterdam, 2019.

A.A. Mohammadi, A. Zarei, S. Majidi, A. Ghaderpoury, Y. Hashempour, M.H. Saghi, A. Alinejad, M. Yousefi, N. Hosseingholizadeh, M. Ghaderpoori, Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water of Khorramabad, Iran, MethodsX, 6, 1642-1651 (2019). Doi: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.07.017

The World Bank, Life expectancy at birth, and total (years) - Nigeria, 2018. URL: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=NG

C.C. Onoyima, W.A. Ibraheem, Assessment of water quality of shallow aquifer resources of Agbabu, Ondo State, Nigeria, ChemSearch Journal, 12(2), 41-49 (2021). URL: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/csj/article/view/220156

American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation (APHA, AWWA and WEF), Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th ed., Washington, D.C., 1998. URL: https://www.standardmethods.org/doi/epdf/10.2105/ SMWW.2882.180

L.A. Senior, Groundwater-Quality Assessment, Pike County, Pennsylvania, 2007, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5129, 2009. 64 p. URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5129/pdf/sir2009-5129.pdf

E.C. Ogoko, O.S. Ajani, Investigation on the quality of water from Jabi Lake in Abuja, Nigeria, Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 45(5), 881-889 (2020). Doi: https://doi.org/10.46602/jcsn.v45i5.514

B. Narayana, K. Sunil, A spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrite and nitrate, Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 4(2), 204214 (2009). URL: http://eurasianjournals.com/EJAC/index.php/ej/article/ view/378

M.D. Sa’id, A.M. Mahmud, Spectrophotometric determination of nitrate and phosphate levels in drinking water samples in the vicinity of irrigated farmlands of Kura Town, Kano State – Nigeria, ChemSearch Journal, 4(1), 47-50 (2013). URL: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/csj/article/view/115423

L.H.M. Carvalho, T. De Koe, P.B. Tavares, An improved molybdenum blue method for simultaneous determination of inorganic phosphate and arsenate, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Restoration, 1(1), 13-19 (1998).

S. Pradhan, M.R. Pokhrel, Spectrophotometric determination of phosphate in sugarcane juice, fertilizer, detergent and water samples by molybdenum blue method, Scientific World, 11(11), 58- 62 (2013). Doi: https://doi.org/10.3126/ sw.v11i11.9139

M. Shukla, S. Arya, Determination of chloride ion (Cl-) concentration in Ganga River water by Mohr method at Kanpur, India, Green Chemistry and Technology Letters, 4(1), 06-08 (2018). Doi: https://doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2018.412

AOAC International, Official Methods of Analysis, 21st ed., Official Method 2015.06, AOAC International, Rockville MD, USA, 2015. URL: https://www. aoac.org/resources/official-methods-of-analysis-revisions-to-21st-edition/

World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th ed., WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. URL: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44584/9789241548151_ eng.pdf?sequence=1

E.O. Longe, M.R. Balogun, Groundwater quality assessment near a municipal landfill, Lagos, Nigeria, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2(1), 39-44 (2010). URL: https://www.maxwellsci.com/print/rjaset/v2-39-44.pdf

L.O. Saheed, S.O. Azeez, A.A. Jimoh, V.A. Obaro, S.A. Adepoju, Assessment of some heavy metals concentrations in soil and groundwater around refuse dumpsite in Ibadan metropolis Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Technology, 39(1), 301305 (2020). Doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i1.33

D.C. Ozoko, I.L. Onyekwelu, O.P. Aghamelu, Multivariate and health risks analysis of heavy metals in natural water sources around Enugu dumpsite, southeastern Nigeria, Applied Water Science, 12, 224 (2022). Doi: https://doi. org/10.1007/s13201-022-01746-9

World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3th ed. Incorporating the first and second addenda, Volume 1. Recommendations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008. URL: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/204411/9789241547611_eng.pdf?sequence=1

O.A. Charles, O.A. Olabanji, A.J. Abimbola, A.O. Olamide, Assessing the effect of a dumpsite on groundwater quality: A case study of Aduramigba Estate within Osogbo Metropolis, Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3(1), 120-130 (2013). URL: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/viewFile/4014/4067

E.C. Ogoko, E. Donald, Water quality characteristics of surface water and accumulation of heavy metals in sediments and fish of Imo River, Imo State, Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 43(4), 713-720 (2018). URL: https://journals. chemsociety.org.ng/index.php/jcsn/article/view/213

World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, fourth edition, incorporating the first addendum, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. URL: https:// www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950

Technical Committee for Standard for Drinking Water Quality, Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), Nigerian Industrial Standard NIS 554, Standard Organization of Nigeria, 2015. 28 p. URL: https://africacheck.org/sites/default/files/Nigerian-Standard-for-Drinking-Water-QualityNIS-554-2015.pdf

O.K. Adeyemo, I.O. Ayodeji, C.O. Aiki-Raji, The water quality and sanitary conditions in a major Abbatoir (Bodija) in Ibadan-Nigeria, African Journal of Biomedical Research, 1(1-2), 51-55 (2002). URL: https://www.ajol.info/index. php/ajbr/article/view/53976

B.A. Adelekan, K.D. Abegunde, Heavy metals contamination of soil and groundwater at automobile mechanic villages in Ibadan-Nigeria, International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(5), 1045-1058 (2011). URL: https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJPS/article-full-text-pdf/E2C345627083

FAO/WHO, Report of the 33rd Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, Joint Codex Alimentarius Commission, FAO/WHO Food Standards Program, ALINORM 01/12A, 2001. 300 p. URL: https:// www.fao.org/input/download/report/27/Al0112Ae.pdf

International Agency Research Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans, Volumes 1-125, 2012. URL: https://monographs.iarc.who.int/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/

I.T. Enitan, A.M. Enitan, J.O. Odiyo, M.M. Alhassan, Human health risk assessment of trace metals in surface water due to leachate from the municipal dumpsite by Pollution Index: A case study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria, Open Chemistry, 16(1), 214-227 (2018). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0008

Minister of Health of Canada, Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document — Nitrate and Nitrite, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2013. URL: https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/canada/health-canada/migration/healthy-canadians/publications/healthy-living-vie-saine/waternitrate-nitrite-eau/alt/water-nitrate-nitrite-eau-eng.pdf

A.O. Majolagbe, A.A. Kasali, L.O. Ghaniyu, Quality assessment of groundwater in the vicinity of dumpsites in Ifo and Lagos, southwestern Nigeria, Advances in Applied Science Research, 2(1), 289-298 (2011). URL: https://www.primescholars.com/articles/quality-assessment-of-groundwater-in-the-vicinity-of-dumpsites-in-ifo-and-lagos-southwestern-nigeria.pdf nigeria.pdf

C.I. Osu, E.C. Ogoko, Concentration levels of physicochemical parameters, nitrate and nitrite anions of flood waters from selected areas in Port-Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria, Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 7(2), 147-152 (2012).

International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO Human Health Risk Assessment Toolkit: Chemical Hazards, International programme on chemical safety (Harmonization project document No. 8), World Health Organization, Geneva, 2010. p. 4. URL: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44458/9789241548076_eng.pdf?sequence=1

US Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment), Report EPA-540-R-070-002, USEPA, Washington, D.C., 2009. URL: https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/140530.pdf

M.A. Lushenko, A risk assessment for the ingestion of toxic chemicals in fish from Imperial Beach, M.Sc. thesis, San Diego State University, California, 2010. 211 p. URL: https://digitalcollections.sdsu.edu/do/13ade1b1-b750-432d-94d89c1f7ad51c84#page/10/mode/2up

O.B. Bassey, L.O. Chukwu, Health risk assessment of heavy metals in fish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) from two lagoons in south-western Nigeria, Journal of Toxicology Risk Assessment, 5(2), 27 (2019). Doi: https://doi. org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510027

Cómo citar

APA

Omada, J., Ogoko, E., Kelle, H. y Gideon , Y. (2024). Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v53n1.110647

ACM

[1]
Omada, J., Ogoko, E., Kelle, H. y Gideon , Y. 2024. Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas. 53, 1 (abr. 2024). DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v53n1.110647.

ACS

(1)
Omada, J.; Ogoko, E.; Kelle, H.; Gideon , Y. Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm. 2024, 53.

ABNT

OMADA, J.; OGOKO, E.; KELLE, H.; GIDEON , Y. Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, [S. l.], v. 53, n. 1, 2024. DOI: 10.15446/rcciquifa.v53n1.110647. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/110647. Acesso em: 22 ene. 2025.

Chicago

Omada, Joseph, Emeka Ogoko, Henrietta Kelle, y Yomi Gideon. 2024. « Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria». Revista Colombiana De Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas 53 (1). https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v53n1.110647.

Harvard

Omada, J., Ogoko, E., Kelle, H. y Gideon , Y. (2024) « Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria», Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, 53(1). doi: 10.15446/rcciquifa.v53n1.110647.

IEEE

[1]
J. Omada, E. Ogoko, H. Kelle, y Y. Gideon, « Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria», Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm., vol. 53, n.º 1, abr. 2024.

MLA

Omada, J., E. Ogoko, H. Kelle, y Y. Gideon. « Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria». Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, vol. 53, n.º 1, abril de 2024, doi:10.15446/rcciquifa.v53n1.110647.

Turabian

Omada, Joseph, Emeka Ogoko, Henrietta Kelle, y Yomi Gideon. « Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria». Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas 53, no. 1 (abril 6, 2024). Accedido enero 22, 2025. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/110647.

Vancouver

1.
Omada J, Ogoko E, Kelle H, Gideon Y. Water quality and health risk assessment of metals within the vicinity of Gosa dumpsite, Abuja Nigeria. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm. [Internet]. 6 de abril de 2024 [citado 22 de enero de 2025];53(1). Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/110647

Descargar cita

CrossRef Cited-by

CrossRef citations0

Dimensions

PlumX

Visitas a la página del resumen del artículo

161

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.