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Atividade antileishmanial dos óleos essenciais: uma revisão
Antileishmanial activity of essential oils: a review
Actividad antileishmanial de los aceites esenciales: una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v51n1.91041Palavras-chave:
Leishmania, óleo essencial, atividade antileishmanial (pt)Leishmania, Essential oil, antileishmanial activity (en)
Leishmania, aceite esencial, actividad antileishmanial (es)
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Introdução: a leishmaniose, uma doença negligenciada que afeta mais de 200 países, apresenta algumas limitações em seu tratamento, como a possibilidade de efeitos colaterais graves, promovidos pelos medicamentos e o desenvolvimento de variedades de Leishmania com resistência a medicamentação. Visto os problemas apresentados pelos tratamentos atuais, novos medicamentos têm sido pesquisados, dentre eles, os óleos essenciais, que são apontados como um dos mais promissores, pois além de ter origem natural, apresentam bom potencial inibitório e podem estimular o sistema de defesa do organismo contra a Leishmania. Objetivo: abordar a atividade antileishmanial dos óleos essenciais, mais especificamente o potencial inibitório e sua seletividade. Os mecanismos de ação já reportados também são comentados. Resultados: o potencial inibitório dos óleos essenciais (OE) contra a Leishmania é influenciado principalmente pela presença de hidroxila aromática nos componentes isolados os OE, pela forma evolutiva e pela espécie de Leishmania. A seletividade apresenta pelos OE é influenciada pela composição química e pela forma evolutiva da Leishmania. Os principais mecanismos de ação dos OE são a apoptose mitocondrial da Leishmania e, quando na forma amastigota, a estimulação do sistema imune do macrófago infectado.Conclusão: os OE apresentam potencial para aplicação como medicamentos contra aLeishmania, todavia, é necessário considerar a presença de hidroxilas aromáticas em sua composição para melhor aplicabilidade.
Introduction: Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease that affects over 200 countries, has some limitations in its treatment, the main ones being the possibility of severe collecting effects promoted by medicines and the development of Leishmania varieties with resistance to medication. Considering the problems presented by the current treatments, new medicines have been researched, among them, the essential oils are pointed out as one of the most promising, because besides having natural origin, have good inhibitory potential and can stimulate the organism’s defense system against Leishmania. Aim: To review addresses the antileishmanial activity of essential oils, more specifically the inhibitory potential and its selectivity. The action mechanisms already reported are also commented. Results: The inhibitory potential of essential oils (OE) against Leishmania is influenced mainly by the presence of aromatic hydroxyl in the OE isolated components, by the evolutionary form and by the species of Leishmania. The selectivity presented by the OE is influenced by the chemical composition and the evolutionary form of Leishmania. The main mechanisms of action of OE are mitochondrial apoptosis of Leishmania and, when in amastigote form, stimulation of the immune system of infected macrophage. Conclusion: The OE have the potential to be applied as drugs against Leishmania, however, it is necessary to consider the presence of aromatic hydroxyls in their composition for better applicability.
Introducción: la leishmaniosis, una enfermedad desatendida que afecta a más de 200 países, tiene algunas limitaciones en su tratamiento. Entre estos, la posibilidad de efectos secundarios graves, promovidos por fármacos y el desarrollo de variedades de Leishmania con resistencia a la medicación. Dado que existen problemas que presentan los tratamientos actuales, se han investigado nuevos fármacos, entre ellos, los aceites esenciales, los cuales se señalan como uno de los más prometedores, pues además de tener un origen natural, tienen un buen potencial inhibitorio y pueden estimular el sistema de defensa contra Leishmania. Objetivo: abordar la actividad antileishmanial de los aceites esenciales, más específicamente el potencial inhibitorio y su selectividad. También se comentan los mecanismos de acción ya reportados. Resultados: el potencial inhibitorio de los aceites esenciales (OE) contra la Leishmania está influenciado principalmente por la presencia de hidroxilo aromáticoen los componentes aislados de los OE, por la forma evolutiva y por la especie de Leishmania. La selectividad presenta por los OE es influenciada por la composición química y por la forma evolutiva de la Leishmania. Los principales mecanismos de acción de los OE son la apoptosis mitocondrial de la Leishmania y, cuando en forma amastigota, la estimulación del sistema inmune del macrófago infectado. Conclusión: los OE presentan potencial para aplicación como medicamentos contra la Leishmania, sin embargo, es necesario considerar la presencia de hidroxilas aromáticas en su composición para mejor aplicabilidad.
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