Published

2023-01-01

The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production

La importancia de la red de plantas, hongos y bacterias para mantener una producción vegetal sostenible

Keywords:

mycorrhizal fungus, tripartite mycorrhiza, bacteria, sustainable agrosystems (en)
hongo micorrícico, bacteria, agrosistemas sostenibles, micorriza tripartita (es)

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The global demographic explosion triggers an alarming situation of food demand. This implies sustainable plant production through the rational and healthy use of long-term soils. This can only happen by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides since they have toxic effects on the health of the soil and the ecosystem in general. However, to maintain plant production, it is essential to seek other more effective and sustainable alternatives. Soil harbors a panoply of interactions between the major players in the rhizosphere, mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria, which improve plant growth, health and development. These beneficial interactions lead to additive and/or synergistic effects which translate positively into the sustainable production of agrosystems and stop the use of products with toxic effects on the ecosystem.

In return to nature, for better resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and efficient absorption of water and nutrients; the majority of terrestrial plants are forced to associate with mycorrhizal fungi. As a result, mycorrhizae have attracted more attention, but unfortunately, apart from bacteria which represent the third component of mycorrhizal associations. The rare studies on this subject show the close association between mycorrhizal fungi and the associated bacterial flora. These latest advances should change our way of seeing mycorrhizal symbioses and redefine mycorrhizae as tripartite associations. Therefore, it is necessary to expand research on the understanding of plant-fungus-bacteria interactions and the use of this tripartite association as bioinoculants to improve plant production; in order to meet the increasing demand for nutrients.

The importance of the third bacterial partner comes from the fact that these prokaryotic microorganisms are associated with symbiotic fungi during the different stages of their life cycle. They colonize mycorrhizal roots, extraradical hyphae, sporocarps and also live in the fungal cytoplasm as endobacteria. However, those identified as endobacteria should be given more importance, despite the difficulty that they are not culturable outside of their hosts. Because these endobacteria are widespread in mycorrhizal fungi, 10 out of 11 Gigasporaceae isolates contain endobacteria. Also, are themselves obligatory symbionts of plants, thus proving the direct link between the fungus and the plant. In general, the rhizospheric bacterial flora are responsible for multiple auxiliary effects on the development of mycorrhizal symbiosis. These beneficial effects can take place on the host plant or the associated mycorrhizal fungus. These effects can be summarized in the following points:

  • Facilitating the acquisition of nutrient resources through the solubilization and mineralization of different nutritional resources and the fixation of atmospheric N2.
  • Improving the resistance of plants to pathogens by competition for space at the root level, the triggering of systemic resistance induced in plants, or also by a direct effect on the pathogen; through the production of antimicrobial compounds that restrict the functioning of pathogens and the production of enzymes that lyse the cell walls of oomycetes and pathogenic fungi.
  • The production of phytohormones, including indoleacetic acid, cytokinins, gibberellin, aseismic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids and jasmonate, which regulate the development of the root system to become more receptive to mycorrhiza.
  • Stimulation of fungal spore germination and enhancement of presymbiotic growth of the mycorrhizal fungus; through increased elongation and branching of hyphae and maintenance of the saprophytic life of fungi until the development of plant roots to form mycorrhiza.

On the other hand, several bacterial strains with different beneficial mechanisms can act in synergy and complement each other to improve the growth and production of host plants as well as create a sustainable balance in the entire ecosystem. Therefore, there is considerable interest in deciphering the mechanisms of tripartite interactions between mycorrhizae, bacteria and plants in order to build an excellent strategy for sustainable agricultural production. In summary, rhizospheric interactions between mycorrhizae and bacteria are vital to improve plant production and fight against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, the final objectives will be to understand the complex interactions established by the trinomial mycorrhizal fungi - plant cells - bacteria, in order to be able to develop highly productive models in sustainable agriculture. To achieve these objectives, it is essential to rely on new high-throughput sequencing methods and invites the scientific committee to develop the following aspects:

  • Develop metagenomic, ecological and functional analyzes in the mycorrhizosphere.
  • Decipher the complete scenario of the development of tripartite mycorrhiza.
  • Identify bacterial strains associated with fungi and mycorrhizal roots and their functional relationships.
  • Identify the effects of specific bacterial species on fungi, plants or both at the same time.
  • Identify the effects and mechanisms of influence on the presymbiotic development of symbiotic fungi.
  • Identify the effects of fungal species and plants on the activity of the bacterial microflora of the mycorrhizosphere.
  • Decipher nutritional strategies in the mycorrhizal fungus-plant-bacteria network.

La explosión demográfica mundial desencadena una situación alarmante de demanda de alimentos. Esto implica una producción vegetal sostenible mediante el uso racional y saludable de los suelos a largo plazo. Esto sólo puede ocurrir reduciendo el uso de fertilizantes químicos y pesticidas, ya que tienen efectos tóxicos sobre la salud del suelo y del ecosistema en general. Sin embargo, para mantener la producción vegetal es imprescindible buscar otras alternativas más eficaces y sostenibles. El suelo alberga una panoplia de interacciones entre los principales actores de la rizosfera, los hongos micorrícicos y las bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal, que mejoran el crecimiento, la salud y el desarrollo de las plantas. Estas interacciones beneficiosas dan lugar a efectos aditivos y/o sinérgicos que se traducen positivamente en la producción sostenible de los agrosistemas y ponen fin al uso de productos con efectos tóxicos para el ecosistema.

En retorno a la naturaleza, para una mejor resistencia al estrés biótico y abiótico, y una absorción eficaz de agua y nutrientes; la mayoría de las plantas terrestres se ven obligadas a asociarse con hongos micorrícicos. En consecuencia, las micorrizas han atraído más atención, pero, por desgracia, al margen de las bacterias, que representan el tercer componente de las asociaciones micorrícicas. Los escasos estudios sobre este tema muestran la estrecha asociación entre los hongos micorrícicos y la flora bacteriana asociada. Estos últimos avances deberían cambiar nuestra forma de ver las simbiosis micorrícicas y redefinir las micorrizas como asociaciones tripartitas. Por lo tanto, es necesario ampliar la investigación sobre la comprensión de las interacciones planta-hongo-bacteria y el uso de esta asociación tripartita como bioinoculantes para mejorar la producción vegetal; con el fin de satisfacer la creciente demanda de nutrientes.

La importancia de la tercera pareja bacteriana radica en que estos microorganismos procariotas se asocian con hongos simbióticos durante las distintas fases de su ciclo vital. Colonizan raíces micorrícicas, hifas extrarradicales, esporocarpos y también viven en el citoplasma fúngico como endobacterias. Sin embargo, hay que dar más importancia a las identificadas como endobacterias, a pesar de la dificultad de que no son cultivables fuera de sus hospedadores. Dado que estas endobacterias están muy extendidas en los hongos micorrícicos, 10 de los 11 aislados de Gigasporaceae contienen endobacterias. Además, son ellas mismas simbiontes obligatorias de las plantas, demostrando así el vínculo directo entre el hongo y la planta. En general, la flora bacteriana rizosférica es responsable de múltiples efectos auxiliares en el desarrollo de la simbiosis micorrícica. Estos efectos beneficiosos pueden tener lugar sobre la planta huésped o sobre el hongo micorrícico asociado. Estos efectos pueden resumirse en los siguientes puntos:

  • Facilitando la adquisición de recursos nutritivos mediante la solubilización y mineralización de diferentes recursos nutritivos y la fijación de N2 atmosférico.
  • Mejorar la resistencia de las plantas a los patógenos mediante la competencia por el espacio a nivel de la raíz, el desencadenamiento de la resistencia sistémica inducida en las plantas, o también por un efecto directo sobre el patógeno; mediante la producción de compuestos antimicrobianos que restringen el funcionamiento de los patógenos y la producción de enzimas que lisan las paredes celulares de oomicetos y hongos patógenos.
  • La producción de fitohormonas, entre las que se incluyen el ácido indolacético, las citoquininas, la giberelina, el ácido asísmico, el ácido salicílico, los brasinoesteroides y el jasmonato, que regulan el desarrollo del sistema radicular para que sea más receptivo a las micorrizas.
  • Estimulación de la germinación de esporas fúngicas y potenciación del crecimiento presimbiótico del hongo micorrícico; mediante el aumento de la elongación y ramificación de las hifas y el mantenimiento de la vida saprofita de los hongos hasta el desarrollo de las raíces de la planta para formar la micorriza.

Por otra parte, varias cepas bacterianas con diferentes mecanismos beneficiosos pueden actuar en sinergia y complementarse entre sí para mejorar el crecimiento y la producción de las plantas huésped, así como crear un equilibrio sostenible en todo el ecosistema. Por lo tanto, existe un interés considerable en descifrar los mecanismos de las interacciones tripartitas entre micorrizas, bacterias y plantas con el fin de construir una estrategia excelente para la producción agrícola sostenible. En resumen, las interacciones rizosféricas entre micorrizas y bacterias son vitales para mejorar la producción vegetal y luchar contra diversos estreses bióticos y abióticos. Por tanto, los objetivos finales serán comprender las complejas interacciones que establece el trinomio hongos micorrícicos - células vegetales - bacterias, para poder desarrollar modelos altamente productivos en agricultura sostenible. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, es imprescindible apoyarse en nuevos métodos de secuenciación de alto rendimiento e invita al comité científico a desarrollar los siguientes aspectos:

  • Desarrollar análisis metagenómicos, ecológicos y funcionales en la micorrizosfera.
  • Descifrar el escenario completo del desarrollo de la micorriza tripartita.
  • Identificar cepas bacterianas asociadas a hongos y raíces micorrícicas y sus relaciones funcionales.
  • Identificar los efectos de especies bacterianas específicas sobre los hongos, las plantas o ambos a la vez.
  • Identificar los efectos y mecanismos de influencia en el desarrollo presimbiótico de los hongos simbióticos.
  • Identificar los efectos de especies fúngicas y plantas sobre la actividad de la microflora bacteriana de la micorrizosfera.
  • Descifrar las estrategias nutricionales en la red micorriza hongo-planta-bacteria.

The global demographic explosion triggers an alarming situation of food demand. This implies sustainable plant production through the rational and healthy use of long-term soils. This can only happen by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides since they have toxic effects on the health of the soil and the ecosystem in general. However, to maintain plant production, it is essential to seek other more effective and sustainable alternatives. Soil harbors a panoply of interactions between the major players in the rhizosphere, mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria, which improve plant growth, health and development. These beneficial interactions lead to additive and/or synergistic effects which translate positively into the sustainable production of agrosystems and stop the use of products with toxic effects on the ecosystem.

In return to nature, for better resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and efficient absorption of water and nutrients; the majority of terrestrial plants are forced to associate with mycorrhizal fungi. As a result, mycorrhizae have attracted more attention, but unfortunately, apart from bacteria which represent the third component of mycorrhizal associations. The rare studies on this subject show the close association between mycorrhizal fungi and the associated bacterial flora. These latest advances should change our way of seeing mycorrhizal symbioses and redefine mycorrhizae as tripartite associations. Therefore, it is necessary to expand research on the understanding of plant-fungus-bacteria interactions and the use of this tripartite association as bioinoculants to improve plant production; in order to meet the increasing demand for nutrients.

The importance of the third bacterial partner comes from the fact that these prokaryotic microorganisms are associated with symbiotic fungi during the different stages of their life cycle. They colonize mycorrhizal roots, extraradical hyphae, sporocarps and also live in the fungal cytoplasm as endobacteria. However, those identified as endobacteria should be given more importance, despite the difficulty that they are not culturable outside of their hosts. Because these endobacteria are widespread in mycorrhizal fungi, 10 out of 11 Gigasporaceae isolates contain endobacteria. Also, are themselves obligatory symbionts of plants, thus proving the direct link between the fungus and the plant. In general, the rhizospheric bacterial flora are responsible for multiple auxiliary effects on the development of mycorrhizal symbiosis. These beneficial effects can take place on the host plant or the associated mycorrhizal fungus. These effects can be summarized in the following points:

  • Facilitating the acquisition of nutrient resources through the solubilization and mineralization of different nutritional resources and the fixation of atmospheric N2.

  • Improving the resistance of plants to pathogens by competition for space at the root level, the triggering of systemic resistance induced in plants, or also by a direct effect on the pathogen; through the production of antimicrobial compounds that restrict the functioning of pathogens and the production of enzymes that lyse the cell walls of oomycetes and pathogenic fungi.

  • The production of phytohormones, including indoleacetic acid, cytokinins, gibberellin, aseismic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids and jasmonate, which regulate the development of the root system to become more receptive to mycorrhiza.

  • Stimulation of fungal spore germination and enhancement of presymbiotic growth of the mycorrhizal fungus; through increased elongation and branching of hyphae and maintenance of the saprophytic life of fungi until the development of plant roots to form mycorrhiza.

On the other hand, several bacterial strains with different beneficial mechanisms can act in synergy and complement each other to improve the growth and production of host plants as well as create a sustainable balance in the entire ecosystem. Therefore, there is considerable interest in deciphering the mechanisms of tripartite interactions between mycorrhizae, bacteria and plants in order to build an excellent strategy for sustainable agricultural production.

In summary, rhizospheric interactions between mycorrhizae and bacteria are vital to improve plant production and fight against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, the final objectives will be to understand the complex interactions established by the trinomial mycorrhizal fungi - plant cells - bacteria, in order to be able to develop highly productive models in sustainable agriculture. To achieve these objectives, it is essential to rely on new high-throughput sequencing methods and invites the scientific committee to develop the following aspects:

  • Develop metagenomic, ecological and functional analyzes in the mycorrhizosphere.

  • Decipher the complete scenario of the development of tripartite mycorrhiza.

  • Identify bacterial strains associated with fungi and mycorrhizal roots and their functional relationships.

  • Identify the effects of specific bacterial species on fungi, plants or both at the same time.

  • Identify the effects and mechanisms of influence on the presymbiotic development of symbiotic fungi.

  • Identify the effects of fungal species and plants on the activity of the bacterial microflora of the mycorrhizosphere.

  • Decipher nutritional strategies in the mycorrhizal fungus-plant-bacteria network.

References

Editorial

How to Cite

APA

EL AMRANI, B. (2023). The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, 76(1). https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/102023

ACM

[1]
EL AMRANI, B. 2023. The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. 76, 1 (Jan. 2023).

ACS

(1)
EL AMRANI, B. The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín 2023, 76.

ABNT

EL AMRANI, B. The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, [S. l.], v. 76, n. 1, 2023. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/102023. Acesso em: 24 jan. 2026.

Chicago

EL AMRANI, Belkacem. 2023. “The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production”. Revista Facultad Nacional De Agronomía Medellín 76 (1). https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/102023.

Harvard

EL AMRANI, B. (2023) “The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production”, Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, 76(1). Available at: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/102023 (Accessed: 24 January 2026).

IEEE

[1]
B. EL AMRANI, “The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production”, Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín, vol. 76, no. 1, Jan. 2023.

MLA

EL AMRANI, B. “The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production”. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, vol. 76, no. 1, Jan. 2023, https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/102023.

Turabian

EL AMRANI, Belkacem. “The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production”. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 76, no. 1 (January 1, 2023). Accessed January 24, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/102023.

Vancouver

1.
EL AMRANI B. The importance of the plants, fungi and bacteria network in maintaining sustainable plant production. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín [Internet]. 2023 Jan. 1 [cited 2026 Jan. 24];76(1). Available from: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/article/view/102023

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