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Nitrogen and phosphorus as macronutrients of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and their physiological functions in different planting patterns of cultivation in Central Java, Indonesia
Nitrógeno y fósforo como macronutrientes del cacao (Theobroma cacao) y sus funciones fisiológicas en diferentes patrones de plantación de cultivos en Java Central, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v75n3.97593Keywords:
Osmolithic , Resorption, Specific leaf area, Theobroma cacao L., Vegetation (en)Osmolítico, Reabsorción, Área foliar específica , Theobroma cacao L. , Vegetación (es)
Plant physiological status during the growing season (specific leaf area (SLA), resorption of N and P)
leads to knowing the best plant nutrition management (amount and time) based on the plating pattern. Furthermore, proline and glucose content in root tissues may provide a better technique to represent plant stress conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the SLA, the level of reabsorption of N and P from the leaf, and root proline and glucose content of cocoa plants in different seasons and planting patterns. This study was performed in the fields of Plana village, Somagede, Banyumas, 14 Central Java, Indonesia, and was conducted in December 2015 (rainy season) and October 2016 (dry season) on 7 years-old cocoa plants (Theobroma cacao). Three different planting patterns were observed; (1) only cocoa plants, (2) cocoa and coconut pattern, and (3) cocoa with shading trees. The results showed that different seasons and planting patterns affected each observed parameter differently. Cocoas’ SLA was not significantly different in all areas for both 2015 and 2016. N resorption during the growing season did not change in 2015 and 2016 in all planting patterns, whereas P resorption had a significant change in 2016 in all planting patterns. The proline content was significantly different in June 2015, October 2015, and March 2016 in all planting patterns. The glucose content in roots showed insignificant differences in 2015 and 2016 in all planting patterns. These results also showed that SLA and glucose did respond to season and plating patterns. These parameters are suggested as poor indicators of physiological status. Furthermore, sowing cocoa plants with other types of plants can be used to help farmers and stakeholders in managing cocoa cultivation in efficient and sustainable ways.
El estado fisiológico de la planta durante la temporada de crecimiento (área foliar específica (SLA), reabsorción de N y P) conduce a conocer el mejor manejo de la nutrición de la planta (cantidad y tiempo) en función del patrón de siembra. Además, el contenido de prolina y glucosa en los tejidos de la raíz puede proporcionar una mejor técnica para representar las condiciones de estrés de la planta. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el SLA, el nivel de reabsorción de N y P de la hoja y el contenido de prolina y glucosa de la raíz de las plantas de cacao en diferentes estaciones y patrones de siembra. Este estudio se realizó en los campos de la aldea de Plana, Somagede, Banyumas, 14 Central Java, Indonesia, y se realizó en diciembre de 2015 (temporada de lluvias) y octubre de 2016 (temporada seca) en plantas de cacao (Theobroma cacao) de 7 años. Se observaron tres patrones de plantación diferentes; (1) solo plantas de cacao, (2) patrón de cacao y coco, y (3) cacao con árboles de sombra. Los resultados mostraron que las diferentes estaciones y patrones de siembra afectaron cada parámetro observado de manera diferente. El SLA de cacao no fue significativamente diferente en todas las áreas para 2015 y 2016. La reabsorción de N durante la temporada de crecimiento no cambió en 2015 y 2016 en todos los patrones de siembra, mientras que la reabsorción de P tuvo un cambio significativo en 2016 en todos los patrones de siembra. El contenido de prolina fue significativamente diferente en junio de 2015, octubre de 2015 y marzo de 2016 en todos los patrones de siembra. El contenido de glucosa en raíces mostró diferencias no significativas en 2015 y 2016 en todos los patrones de siembra. Estos resultados también mostraron que el SLA y la glucosa respondieron a la estación y a los patrones de siembra. Estos parámetros se sugieren como malos indicadores del estado fisiológico. Además, la siembra de plantas de cacao con otros tipos de plantas se puede utilizar para ayudar a los agricultores y las partes interesadas a gestionar el cultivo de cacao de manera eficiente y sostenible.
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1. Rodrigo S. Zumaeta-Barbarán, Cesar O. Arévalo-Hernández. (2025). Effect of non-conventional organic fertilizer (horn and hoof meal) on the development of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Revista Agrotecnológica Amazónica, 5(1), p.e775. https://doi.org/10.51252/raa.v5i1.775.
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