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Water relations and gas exchange in Ruilopezia atropurpurea (Asteraceae), a giant rosette growing under contrasting microclimates in the high tropical Andes
Relaciones hídricas e intercambio de gases en Ruilopezia atropurpurea (Asteraceae), una roseta gigante que crece en microclimas contrastantes en los altos Andes tropicales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v44n3.86592Keywords:
CO2 assimilation rate, leaf water potential, paramo, phenotypic plasticity, plant functional traits. (en)páramo, plasticidad fenotípica, potencial hídrico foliar, rasgos funcionales de plantas, tasa de asimilación de CO2 (es)
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Tropical high andean ecosystems, known as paramos, are unique because they are highly diverse, have a high number of endemic species, and play an essential role in different ecosystem services, but are especially susceptible to climate change. Most of the giant rosettes, a dominant growth-form in the paramos, depend on unique features like stems protected by marcescent leaves, voluminous stem pith, and leaf pubescence. However, Ruilopezia atropurpurea lacks these characteristics and must respond differently to endure the paramo extreme conditions. Additionally, unlike other rosettes, this species is found under contrasting exposed and understory microenvironments so that intraspecific plasticity is also expected. We evaluated the responses of R. atropurpurea in terms of leaf water relations, gas exchange, and morphological characteristics in temporal (seasonal and daily variations) and spatial (microsite differences) scales in a Venezuelan paramo. R. atropurpurea displayed lower leaf water potentials (minimum leaf water potentials of -1.5 MPa and -1.8 MPa at the turgor loss point), higher leaf conductance (620 mmol m-2s-1), transpiration (5 molm-2s-1), and CO2 assimilation (13 mmol m-2s-1) rates compared to other paramo giant rosettes. A reduction in leaf area and specific leaf area occurred from understory to exposed sites. R. atropurpurea diverges from the typical responses of most paramo giant rosettes to the extreme environmental conditions. This species’ morphological and physiological plasticity permits it inhabit under variable microclimatic conditions, but despite its confirmed plasticity, it is not able to reach higher elevations as other giant rosettes successfully have.
Los ecosistemas tropicales de las partes altas de los Andes, páramos, son únicos debido a su alta diversidad, gran número de especies endémicas y rol esencial en servicios ecosistémicos, pero son susceptibles al cambio climático. La mayoría de las rosetas gigantes, forma dominante de crecimiento en los páramos, poseen características únicas como tallo cubierto por hojas marcescentes, médula de tallo voluminosa y pubescencia foliar. Sin embargo, Ruilopezia atropurpurea no posee estas características y depende de respuestas particulares para sobrellevar ambientes extremos. Adicionalmente, esta especie habita microambientes contrastantes bajo copas de plantas y expuestas por lo que esperaríamos cierta plasticidad intraespecífica. Evaluamos las respuestas de R. atropurpurea en términos de relaciones hídricas, intercambio de gases y características morfológicas en tiempo (variaciones estacionales y diarias) y espacio (diferencias entre micrositios) en un páramo de los Andes venezolanos. R. atropurpurea mostró potenciales hídricos foliares menores (potenciales hídricos foliares mínimos de -1,5 MPa y -1,8 MPa de pérdida de turgor), mayor conductancia foliar (620 mmol m-2s-1), transpiración (5 molm-2s-1) y asimilación de CO2 (13 mmol m-2s-1) en comparación con otras rosetas gigantes. Se encontró una reducción en área foliar y área foliar específica entre plantas bajo copas y expuestas. Las respuestas de R. atropurpurea a las condiciones ambientales extremas contrastan con aquellas de la mayoría de las rosetas gigantes de páramo. Su plasticidad morfológica y fisiológica le permite establecerse en condiciones microclimáticas variables, pero a pesar de esta plasticidad, no tiene la capacidad para alcanzar mayores elevaciones como lo logran exitosamente otras rosetas gigantes.
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