Publicado

2023-07-07

Historia natural del síndrome de Rett por mutación en el gen MECP2. Serie de casos

Natural history of Rett syndrome due to a mutation in the MECP2 gene: case series

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v9n1.94763

Palabras clave:

Síndrome de Rett, Discapacidad intelectual, Diagnóstico, Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (es)
Rett Syndrome, Intellectual Disability, differential diagnosis, Language Development Disorders (en)

Autores/as

Resumen

Introducción. El síndrome de Rett (SR) es una enfermedad genética rara, ligada al cromosoma X y causada en la mayoría de casos (90%) por mutaciones en el gen MECP2, el cual está involucrado en procesos de neurogénesis, migración neuronal y sinaptogénesis.

Objetivo. Describir la historia natural de tres casos con diagnóstico clínico y genético de SR con fenotipo clásico.

Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de tres casos mediante la revisión de la historia clínica de 3 niñas de 3, 9 y 12 años de edad con criterios fenotípicos y genotípicos de SR clásico, portadoras de la mutación del gen MECP2 y atendidas entre 2013 y 2020 en un hospital de IV nivel de Bogotá, Colombia.

Resultados. En los tres casos se reportó regresión del neurodesarrollo, pérdida de las habilidades motoras y estereotipias en las manos; alteraciones del lenguaje; retraso en la marcha, y alteraciones comportamentales como mordedura de manos, gritos, llanto inapropiado, risa inmotivada, agresividad, bruxismo y síntomas de internalización dados por inexpresividad emocional, nerviosismo y temblores. Al examen neurológico todas las pacientes presentaban signos de lesión en la vía piramidal (espasticidad de miembros inferiores, hiperreflexia y reflejo de Babinski), hipotonía axial y alteraciones de la marcha.

Conclusión. El SR es una patología genética secundaria a mutaciones en el gen MECP2 que en la mayoría de casos tiene manifestaciones clínicas típicas que deben reconocerse teniendo en cuenta que el diagnóstico es clínico con confirmación genotípica.

Abstract

Introduction: Rett syndrome (RS) is a rare X-linked genetic disease, caused in most cases (90%) by mutations in the MECP2 gene, which is involved in neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and synaptogenesis processes.

Objective: To describe the natural history of three cases with a clinical and genetic diagnosis of RS with a classic phenotype.

Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive analysis of three cases was carried out by reviewing the medical records of 3 girls aged 3, 9 and 12 years old with phenotypic and genotypic criteria for classic RS, carriers of the MECP2 gene mutation, and treated between 2013 and 2020 in a quaternary care hospital in Bogotá, Colombia.

Results: In the three cases, neurodevelopmental regression, loss of motor skills and stereotypic hand movements were reported, as well as language disorders, gait disturbances, and behavioral changes such as hand biting, screaming, inappropriate crying, unmotivated laughter, aggressiveness, bruxism, and internalization symptoms caused by emotional inexpression, nervousness, and tremors. On neurological examination, all patients presented with signs of pyramidal tract lesions (lower limb spasticity, hyperreflexia, and Babinski reflex), axial hypotonia, and gait disturbances.

Conclusion: RS is a genetic disease secondary to mutations in the MECP2 gene, which, in most cases, has typical clinical manifestations that should be recognized taking into account that the diagnosis is clinical with genotypic confirmation.

Referencias

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Cómo citar

Reyes-Villa, S. A., & Espinosa-García, E. T. (2023). Historia natural del síndrome de Rett por mutación en el gen MECP2. Serie de casos. Case Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v9n1.94763