Productividad comparada internacional: revisión crítica y nueva agenda de investigación
International Comparison of Productivity: A Critic Review and New Research Agenda
Produtividade comparativa internacional: análise crítica e nova agenda de pesquisa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ede.v35n66.114036Palabras clave:
Productividad, comparación internacional, sectores productivos (es)productivity, international comparison, productive sectors (en)
produtividade, comparação internacional, setores produtivos (pt)
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El objetivo del presente artículo es evaluar críticamente los debates en torno a la comparación de la productividad internacional. Para ello se ofrece un ordenamiento conceptual —ni cronológico, ni de autoría—, exponiendo perspectivas comunes, controversias, fortalezas y debilidades. El artículo se centra en examinar, en primer lugar, los debates teóricos y empíricos en torno a la convergencia de la productividad de los países (a nivel agregado) y a nivel de sectores o ramas. También, se discuten los desafíos metodológicos, como la medición de la productividad laboral y la productividad total de factores, así como los enfoques de frontera. En ambos casos se pone de relieve la necesidad de discutir las consecuencias de utilizar datos con baja granularidad y, en consecuencia, la necesidad de utilizar información cada vez más desagregada para evitar comparaciones erróneas. Finalmente, se destaca como enfoque alternativo el uso de las exportaciones para aproximar la productividad mediante el método de las ventajas comparativas reveladas. El hallazgo principal de la investigación radica en que las comparaciones de las productividades realizadas en los estudios revisados se sustentan en una base epistemológica débil, lo que compromete su justificación teórica, metodológica y empírica y, por lo tanto, sus resultados. Dicha conclusión conduce a plantear una nueva agenda de investigación.
This article aims to assess the debates surrounding the comparison of international productivity critically. To this end, a conceptual framework is offered -neither chronological nor by authorship- presenting common perspectives, controversies, strengths, and weaknesses. The paper examines, first, the theoretical and empirical debates surrounding the convergence of productivity among countries (at an aggregate level) and at the level of sectors/industries. It also discusses methodological challenges, such as the measurement of labor productivity and total factor productivity, as well as frontier approaches. In both cases, the need to discuss the consequences of using data with low granularity is highlighted, and consequently, the need to use increasingly disaggregated information to avoid erroneous comparisons. Finally, the use of exports is highlighted as an alternative approach to approximate productivity through the method of Revealed Comparative Advantages. The main finding of the research lies in the fact that the productivity comparisons made in the reviewed studies are based on a weak epistemological foundation, which undermines their theoretical, methodological, and empirical justification, and, therefore, their conclusions. These results lead to the proposal of a new research agenda.
Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar os debates que envolvem a comparação da produtividade internacional de forma crítica. Para isso, é oferecida uma estrutura conceitual - não cronológica nem por autoria - que apresenta perspectivas, controvérsias, pontos fortes e fracos comuns. O artigo examina, em primeiro lugar, os debates teóricos e empíricos em torno da convergência da produtividade entre países (em nível agregado) e em nível de setores/indústrias. Ele também discute os desafios metodológicos, como a medição da produtividade da mão de obra e da produtividade total dos fatores, bem como as abordagens de fronteira. Em ambos os casos, destaca-se a necessidade de discutir as consequências do uso de dados com baixa granularidade e, consequentemente, a necessidade de usar informações cada vez mais desagregadas para evitar comparações errôneas. Por fim, o uso das exportações é destacado como uma abordagem alternativa para aproximar a produtividade por meio do método das Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas. A principal conclusão da pesquisa reside no fato de que as comparações de produtividade feitas nos estudos revisados baseiam-se em uma base epistemológica fraca, o que prejudica sua justificativa teórica, metodológica e empírica e, portanto, suas conclusões. Esses resultados levam à proposta de uma nova agenda de pesquisa.
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