Modelos de políticas orientadas por misiones: el caso de la industria nuclear y los Small Modular Reactors
Mission-Oriented Policy Models: The Case of the Nuclear Industry and Small Modular Reactors
Modelos de políticas orientadas por missões: o caso da indústria nuclear e dos pequenos reatores modulares
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ede.v35n66.116147Palabras clave:
políticas orientadas por misiones, industria nuclear, pequeños reactores modulares, política tecnológica, transición energética, modelos de innovación (es)mission-oriented policies, nuclear industry, small modular reactors, public policy, energy transition, innovation models (en)
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En las últimas décadas, los desafíos del desarrollo sostenible y la urgencia por acelerar la transición hacia matrices energéticas más limpias han revalorizado el concepto de políticas orientadas por misiones (POM). Asimismo, en este contexto de lucha contra el cambio climático, la energía nuclear ha recuperado legitimidad gracias al surgimiento de una nueva generación de pequeños reactores modulares (SMR). Este artículo propone una caracterización de las principales estrategias nacionales adoptadas en Estados Unidos, Rusia, China y Reino Unido para el desarrollo de este tipo de reactores y analiza desde una perspectiva comparada cómo se ajustan al enfoque de las POM. Entre los principales resultados se derivan dos modelos generales de política tecnológica/industrial de promoción de la industria nuclear: el modelo autonomista-centralizado y el modelo asociativo-descentralizado. Los esquemas de POM se diferencian en el rol del Estado en la planificación tecnológica-energética, la concentración y centralización estatal o privada de capacidades tecnológicas y toma de decisiones, y los arreglos institucionales de coordinación y organización de actores y proyectos, entre otros. Finalmente, se discuten las implicancias para países semiperiféricos con sectores nucleares incipientes, como es el caso de Argentina, destacando la importancia de plantear modelos híbridos ajustados a las características del entorno nacional.
In recent decades, the challenges of sustainable development and the urgency of accelerating the transition to cleaner energy matrices have renewed interest in the concept of Mission-Oriented Policies (MOP). Within this context, nuclear energy has regained legitimacy due to the emergence of a new generation of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). This paper proposes a characterization of the main national strategies currently underway for the development of these reactors and provides a comparative analysis of how they align with the MOP approach. The analysis identifies two general models of technological and industrial policy related to the promotion of the nuclear industry: the centralized-autonomous model and the decentralized-associative model. The POM schemes differ in the role of the state in technological and energy planning, the degree of concentration and centralization of technological capacities and decision-making, and the coordination and organization of actors and innovation projects, among other aspects. Finally, the implications for semi-peripheral countries with emerging nuclear sectors, such as Argentina, are discussed, highlighting the importance of proposing hybrid models tailored to the characteristics of the national environment.
Nas últimas décadas, os desafios do desenvolvimento sustentável e a urgência em acelerar a transição para matrizes energéticas mais limpas revalorizaram o conceito de políticas orientadas por missões (POM). Da mesma forma, neste contexto de luta contra as mudanças climáticas, a energia nuclear recuperou sua legitimidade graças ao surgimento de uma nova geração de pequenos reatores modulares (SMR). Este artigo propõe uma caracterização das principais estratégias nacionais adotadas nos Estados Unidos, Rússia, China e Reino Unido para o desenvolvimento desse tipo de reator e analisa, a partir de uma perspectiva comparativa, como elas se ajustam à abordagem das POM. Entre os principais resultados, derivam-se dois modelos gerais de política tecnológica/industrial de promoção da indústria nuclear: o modelo autonomista-centralizado e o modelo associativo-descentralizado. Os esquemas de POM diferem no papel do Estado no planejamento tecnológico-energético, na concentração e centralização estatal ou privada de capacidades tecnológicas e tomada de decisões, e nos arranjos institucionais de coordenação e organização de atores e projetos, entre outros. Por fim, são discutidas as implicações para países semiperiféricos com setores nucleares incipientes, como é o caso da Argentina, destacando a importância de propor modelos híbridos ajustados às características do contexto nacional.
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