The Labour Theory of Value and the Problems of Other Theories of Value
La teoría laboral del valor y los problemas de otras teorías del valor
A teoria do valor-trabalho e os problemas de outras teorias do valor
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ede.v35n66.116976Palabras clave:
Value determination, Actual prices, Marxian transformation, Labor value (en)determinación del valor, precios reales, transformación marxiana, valor trabajo (es)
determinação de valor, preços reais, transformação marxiana, valor-trabalho (pt)
Descargas
This article first shows that one of the main misunderstandings surrounding the labour theory of value arises from the non-distinction between real determination and mathematical determination: although mathematically it is possible to link value prices (values expressed in money) and production prices through a linear transformation that operates in both directions, from the point of view of a realistic economic theory the “real relations of value”, which take place in the real world, are prior to, and determine de facto, univocally, those theoretical-mathematical relationships. Secondly, to study prices appropriately it is necessary to distinguish between actual prices, which are as real as labour-values, and the pair of theoretical-hypothetical prices that would exist if the rate of profit or the rate of surplus value, respectively, were uniform (which they are not in reality). Thirdly, after defining the equations of these prices in the correct way in which they appear in the literature, it is proven that it is possible to read the Marxian Transformation in two steps, showing that the first Marxian definition of both types of prices (defined from actual prices) gives way to a second and definitive definition in which both coincide with the correct definitions. Fourthly, the transformation is framed in a broader framework of various (linear) transformations to show that value prices and production prices are related, also exactly, on the one hand to actual prices and on the other hand to the values and quantities of direct labour represented in the commodities, so that all the vectors involved are calculable simultaneously within a single accounting system. Fifthly, it is explained why a physical theory of value, based on a substance of value alternative to labour, cannot prosper. And finally it is shown that the only productive factor of value is labour, and, although all factors cooperate with labour in the production of wealth (use values), this is an irrelevant question for the determination of prices.
Este artículo muestra, en primer lugar, que uno de los principales malentendidos en torno a la teoría laboral del valor surge de la no distinción entre determinación real y determinación matemática: aunque matemáticamente sea posible vincular precios de valor (valores expresados en dinero) y precios de producción mediante una transformación lineal que opera en ambas direcciones, desde el punto de vista de una teoría económica realista las «relaciones reales de valor», que tienen lugar en el mundo real, son anteriores a, y determinan de facto, unívocamente, esas relaciones teórico-matemáticas. En segundo lugar, para estudiar adecuadamente los precios es necesario distinguir entre los precios reales, que son tan reales como los valores-trabajo, y el par de precios teórico-hipotéticos que existirían si la tasa de ganancia o la tasa de plusvalía, respectivamente, fueran uniformes (lo que no son en la realidad). En tercer lugar, tras definir las ecuaciones de estos precios de la forma correcta en que aparecen en la literatura, se demuestra que es posible leer la Transformación Marxiana en dos pasos, mostrando que la primera definición marxiana de ambos tipos de precios (definidos a partir de los precios reales) da paso a una segunda y definitiva definición en la que ambos coinciden con las definiciones correctas. En cuarto lugar, se enmarca la transformación en un marco más amplio de varias transformaciones (lineales) para mostrar que los precios de valor y los precios de producción están relacionados, también exactamente, por un lado, con los precios reales y por otro con los valores y cantidades de trabajo directo representados en las mercancías, de modo que todos los vectores implicados son calculables simultáneamente dentro de un mismo sistema contable. En quinto lugar, se explica por qué una teoría física del valor, basada en una sustancia de valor alternativa al trabajo, no puede prosperar. Y, por último, se demuestra que el único factor productivo de valor es el trabajo y, aunque todos los factores cooperan con el trabajo en la producción de riqueza (valores de uso), ésta es una cuestión irrelevante para la determinación de los precios.
Este artigo mostra, em primeiro lugar, que um dos principais mal-entendidos em torno da teoria do valor do trabalho decorre da não distinção entre determinação real e determinação matemática: embora matematicamente seja possível vincular os preços de valor (valores expressos em dinheiro) e os preços de produção por meio de uma transformação linear que opera em ambas as direções, do ponto de vista de uma teoria econômica realista, as “relações reais de valor”, que ocorrem no mundo real, são anteriores e determinam de fato, univocamente, essas relações teórico-matemáticas. Em segundo lugar, para estudar os preços adequadamente, é necessário distinguir entre os preços reais, que são tão reais quanto os valores do trabalho, e o par de preços teórico-hipotéticos que existiriam se a taxa de lucro ou a taxa de mais-valia, respectivamente, fossem uniformes (o que não é o caso na realidade). Em terceiro lugar, depois de definir as equações desses preços da maneira correta em que aparecem na literatura, fica provado que é possível ler a transformação marxiana em duas etapas, mostrando que a primeira definição marxiana de ambos os tipos de preços (definidos a partir dos preços reais) dá lugar a uma segunda e definitiva definição em que ambos coincidem com as definições corretas. Em quarto lugar, a transformação é enquadrada em uma estrutura mais ampla de várias transformações (lineares) para mostrar que os preços de valor e os preços de produção estão relacionados, também de forma exata, por um lado, aos preços reais e, por outro lado, aos valores e quantidades de trabalho direto representados nas mercadorias, de modo que todos os vetores envolvidos possam ser calculados simultaneamente em um único sistema contábil. Em quinto lugar, explica-se por que uma teoria física do valor, baseada em uma substância de valor alternativa ao trabalho, não pode prosperar. E, por fim, é demonstrado que o único fator produtivo de valor é o trabalho e que, embora todos os fatores cooperem com o trabalho na produção de riqueza (valores de uso), essa é uma questão irrelevante para a determinação dos preços.
Referencias
Baumol, W. (1973). Values vs. Prices: What Marx ‘Really’ Meant. The American Economist, 17 (2), 63–71. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25602918 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/056943457301700211
Baumol, W., Blinder, A. (1988). Economics. Principles and Policies, 4th edition, Harcourt Brace Jovanovic.
Bidard, C. (2004). Prices, Reproduction, scarcity. Cambridge University Press (original published in 1991).
Bortkiewicz, L. von (1952). Value and Price in the Marxian System. International Economic Papers, 2, 5-60 (original paper published in 1907). http://gesd.free.fr/bortk7b.pdf
Bose, A. (1975). Marxian and Post-Marxian Political Economy: An Introduction, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Boudin, L. (1907). The Theoretical System of Karl Marx in the Light of Recent Criticism. C. Kerr.
Braverman, H. (1974). Labor and Monopoly Capital. The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. Monthly Review Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-026-03-1974-07_1
Bródy, A. (1970). Proportions, Prices and Planning. A Mathematical Restatement of The Labor Theory of Value. Akadémiai Kiadó.
Bunge, M. (1999). La relación entre la sociología y la filosofía. EDAF.
Cameron, B. (1952). The Labour Theory of Value in Leontief Models. The Economic Journal, 62 (245), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.2307/2227198
Cazenove, J. (1832). Outlines of Political Economy, Being a Plain and Short View of the Laws Relating to the Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth, London.
Charasoff, G. von (1910). Das System des Marxismus: Darstellung und Kritik, Berlin: Hans Bondy.
Chiang, A. (1984). Fundamental Methods in Mathematical Economics, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill.
Cogliano, J. (2023). Marx’s equalised rate of exploitation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 47 (1), 133-169. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beac064
Cogliano, J., Flaschel, P., Franke, R., Fröhlich, N., & Veneziani, R. (2018). Value, competition and exploitation. Marx’s legacy revisited. Edward Elgar. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786430649.00016
Cournot, A.-A. (1863). Principes de la théorie des richesses, Paris: Librairie de L. Hachette.
Desai, M. (1988). The Transformation Problem. Journal of Economic Surveys, 2 (4), 295–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.1988.tb00050.x
Dmitriev, M. (1974). Economic Essays on Value, Competition and Utility. Cambridge University Press (original published in 1974).
Dorfman, R. (1989). Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3 (3), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.3.153
Dorfman, R., Samuelson, P., & Solow, R. (1958). Linear Programming and Economic Analysis. Dover Publications.
Dostaler, G. (1978). Valeur et Prix. Histoire d’un débat, François Maspero / Presses Universitaires de Grenoble / Les Presses de l’Université du Québec.
Engels, F. (1885). Preface to the first German edition. In K. Marx (1885), Capital, vol. II, 5-23.
Foley, D. (2000). Recent Developments in the Labor Theory of Value. Review of Radical Political Economics, 32 (1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0486-6134(00)88759-8
Gale, D. (1960). The Theory of Linear Economic Models. McGraw Hill.
Ganssmann, H. (1981). Transformations of Physical Conditions of Production: Steedman’s Economic Metaphysics. Economy and Society, 10 (4), 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085148100000007
Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1971). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674281653
Gramm, W. S. (1988). The Movement from Real to Abstract Value Theory, 1817-1959. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 12, 225-246. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23597107
Grossman, H. (1924). Simonde de Sismondi et ses théories économiques (une nouvelle interprétation de sa pensée). Bibliotheca Universitatis Liberae Polonai.
Grossman, H. (1979). La transformación de los valores en precios en Marx y el problema de las crisis. In H. Grossman (ed.), Ensayos sobre la teoría de las crisis. Dialéctica y metodología en ‘El Capital’ (pp. 71-101). Pasado y Presente (original published in 1928).
Guerrero, D. (1995). Competitividad: teoría y política. Ariel.
Guerrero, D. (2003). Capitalist Competition and The Distribution of Profits. In A. Saad-Filho (ed), Anti-Capitalism: A Marxist Introduction (pp. 73-81). Pluto Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18dzv2x.8
Guerrero, D. (2007). “The labour theory of value and the ‘double transformation problem’,” Nómadas, Revista crítica de ciencias sociales, 16, 255-284. (https://www.theoria.eu/nomadas/16/diego_guerrero.pdf)
Heinrich, M. (2004). An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx’s ‘Capital’, Monthly Review Press.
Hicks, J. (1960). Linear Theory. The Economic Journal, 70 (280), 671–709. https://doi.org/10.2307/2228880
Hodgson, G. (1982). Capitalism, Value and Exploitation: A Radical Theory, Martin Robertson.
Kühne, K. (1972). Economics and Marxism, vol. I: The renaissance of the Marxian system. Macmillan.
Kurz, H. (1979). Sraffa after Marx (reviewing: Ian Steedman, Marx After Sraffa, N. L. B., London, 1977). Australian Economic Papers, 18 (32), 52-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1979.tb00644.x
Kurz, H., Salvadori, N. (1995). Theory of Production: A Long-period Analysis. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625770
Lancaster, K. (1968). Mathematical Economics. Dover Publications.
Leontief, W. (1938). “The Significance of Marxian Economics for Present-Day Economic Theory,” The American Economic Review, 28 (1), Supplement, (Mar., 1938), 1-9.
Leontief, W. (1951). The Structure of the American Economy, 1919-1939. An Empirical Application of Equilibrium Analysis. Oxford University Press.
Lippi, M. (1979). Value and naturalism in Marx. NLB.
Mariolis, T., & Tsoulfidis, L. (2016). Modern Classical Economics and Reality. A Spectral Analysis of the Theory of Value and Distribution. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55004-4
Marx, K. (1863/1864). Chapter Six. Results of the Direct Production Process. In Karl Marx, Frederick Engels Collected Works (pp. 355-466). Volume 34. International Publishers.
Marx, K. (2021). Critique of the Gotha Program. Foreign Languages Press (original published in 1875).
Marx, K. (1997). Capital. Volume II. In Karl Marx, Frederick Engels Collected Works. Volume 36. International Publishers (original published in 1885).
Marx, K. (1998). Capital. Volume III. In Karl Marx, Frederick Engels Collected Works. Volume 37. International Publishers (original published in 1894).
Marx, K. (1996). Capital. Volume I. In Karl Marx, Frederick Engels Collected Works. Volume 35. International Publishers (original published in 1867).
Mattick, P. (1969). Marx and Keynes: The Limits of the Mixed Economy. Porter Sargent.
May, K. (1948). Value and Price of Production: A Note on Winternitz’s Solution. Economic Journal, 58 (232), 596-599. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2226196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2226196
Medio, A. (1972). Profits and Surplus-Value: Appearance and Reality in Capitalist Production. In E. K. Hunt & J. G. Schwartz (Eds.), A Critique of Economic Theory (pp. 312-346), Penguin.
Miller, R. E., & Blair, P. D. (1985). Input-Output Analysis. Foundations and Extensions. Prentice-Hall.
Mohun, S., Veneziani, R. (2017). Values, Price and Exploitation: The Logic of The Transformation Problem. Journal of Economic Surveys, 31 (5), 1387–1420. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12223
Morishima, M. (1973). Marx’s Economics: A Dual Theory of Value and Growth. Cambridge University Press.
Morishima, M.; G. Catephores (1978). Value, Exploitation and Growth. Marx in the Light of Modern Economic Theory. McGraw-Hill.
Moseley, F. (2016). Money and Totality: A Macro-Monetary Interpretation of Marx’s Logic in Capital and the End of the ‘Transformation Problem’. Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004301931
Myrdal G. (1929). The Political Element in Development of Economic Theory. Harvard University Press.
Nagels, J. (1974). Travail collectif et travail productif dans l’évolution de la pensée marxiste. Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
Ochoa, E. (1984). Labor Values and Prices of production: An Interindustry Study of the U.S. Economy, 1947-1972. New School for Social Research.
Okishio, N. (1972). On Marx’s production prices. Keizaigaku Kenkyu, 19.
Pasinetti, L. L. (1981a). Lectures on The Theory of Production. Columbia University Press, 2nd edition.
Pasinetti, L. L. (1981b). Structural Change and Economic Growth. A theoretical essay on the dynamics of the wealth of nations. Cambridge University Press.
Pasinetti, L. L.,& Garbellini, N. (2015). “From Sraffa: backwards, to a better understanding of Marx’s values/prices ‘transformation’; and forward, to a novel view of growing economic systems,” Cahiers d'économie Politique / Papers in Political Economy, 2 (69), 73-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/cep.069.0073
Ricardo, D. (2005). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. In P. Sraffa & M. Dobb (ed.), The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, vol. I. Liberty Fund. Original manuscript published in 1821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812701275_0014
Rubin, I. I. (1979). A History of Economic Thought. Pluto Press (original published in 1929).
Samuelson, P. (1974). Insight and Detour in the Theory of Exploitation: A Reply to Baumol. Journal of Economic Literature, 12 (1), 62-70. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2721867
Samuelson, P. (1982). “The normative and positivistic inferiority of Marx’s values paradigm,” Southern Economic Journal, 49 (1), July, 11-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1058538
Screpanti, E. & Zamagni, S. (1995). An Outline of the History of Economic Thought. Clarendon Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198774559.001.0001
Sen, A. (1978). On the Labour Theory of Value: Some Methodological Issues. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2 (2), 175-190. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035384
Seton, F. (1956/1957). “The transformation problem,” Review of Economic Studies, XXIV (3), 149-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2296064
Seton, F. (1992). The Economics of Cost, Use, and Value. The Evaluation of Performance, Structure, and Process across Time, Space, and Economic Systems. Clarendon Press.
Shaikh, A. (1973). The so-called transformation problem: Marx vindicated (mimeograph). New School for Social Research.
Shaikh, A. (1977). Marx’s Theory of Value and the “Transformation Problem”. In J. Schwartz (ed.), The Subtle Anatomy of Capitalism (pp. 106–139). Goodyear Publishing.
Shaikh, A. (1981). The Poverty of Algebra. In I. Steedman et al. (ed.), The Value Controversy (pp. 266-300). Verso.
Shaikh, A. (1984). The Transformation from Marx to Sraffa. In E., Mandel & A., Freeman (Ed.), Ricardo, Marx, Sraffa. The Langston Memorial Volume (pp. 43-84). Verso.
Shaikh, A. (2016). Capitalism, Competition, Conflict, Crises. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199390632.001.0001
Sinha, A. (2010). Theories of Value from Adam Smith to Piero Sraffa. Routledge.
Smith, A. (2012). An Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations, Wordsworth (original published in 1776). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00043218
Sraffa, P. (1960). Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities. Prelude to a Critique of Economic Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steedman, I. (1977). Marx After Sraffa. New Left Books.
Steuart, J. D. (1767). An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy: Being an Essay on the Science of Domestic Policy in Free Nations. London.
Stigler, G. (1958). Ricardo and the 93 Per Cent Labour Theory of Value. The American Economic Review, 48 (3), 357–367. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1809772
Tinbergen, J. (1992). Foreword to Seton.
Tristan, F. (1843). Union Ouvrière. Paris et Lyon.
Tsoulfidis, L. (1998). Ricardo’s Theory of Value and Marx’s Critique. History of Economic Ideas, 6 (2), 69-88. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23722515
Tsoulfidis, L., Tsaliki, P. (2005). Marxian Theory of Competition and the Concept of Regulating Capital: Evidence from Greek Manufacturing. Review of Radical Political Economics, 37 (1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613404272324
Wolfstetter, E. G. (1973). Surplus Labour, Synchronised Labour Costs and Marx’s Labour Theory of Value. The Economic Journal, 83 (331), 787-809. https://doi.org/10.2307/2230671
Woods, J. E. (1978). Mathematical Economics. Topics in Multi-Sectoral Economics. Longman.
Cómo citar
APA
ACM
ACS
ABNT
Chicago
Harvard
IEEE
MLA
Turabian
Vancouver
Descargar cita
Licencia

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Se autoriza la reproducción sin ánimo de lucro de los materiales, citando la fuente.














