Proximidades en el aprendizaje tecnológico: aportes metodológicos para el estudio de los entramados locales en América Latina
Proximities in Technological Learning: Methodological Contributions for the Study of Local Frameworks in Latin America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/ede.v31n59.93273Palabras clave:
proximidades, innovación, entramados locales, aprendizaje tecnológico, metodología económica (es)proximities, innovation, technological learning, local frameworks, economic methodology (en)
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La difusión de nuevas tecnologías en el marco de una creciente internacionalización de la producción representa un desafío para las economías latinoamericanas, debido a su impacto en las trayectorias de especialización y diversificación de los entramados productivos locales y la intensificación de procesos asimétricos e incompletos de aprendizaje. El enfoque de las proximidades ofrece elementos teórico-metodológicos útiles para aprehender el rol de las condiciones geográficas y no geográficas que operan en los procesos de aprendizaje e innovación. Sin embargo, este enfoque ha sido desarrollado con base en estudios teóricos y empíricos que analizan los procesos innovativos en países desarrollados y cuestionan la relevancia de la proximidad geográfica en estos procesos. Este artículo propone reflexionar sobre este enfoque y repensar su abordaje conceptual y su diseño metodológico para analizar procesos de innovación en los entramados tecno-productivos de América Latina. El análisis muestra que el estudio de este fenómeno —desde el enfoque de las proximidades— debe considerar su carácter complejo e indisociable del contexto y, por lo tanto, la importancia del estudio de caso como método de investigación, así como la tensión existente entre las dinámicas globales, locales y el papel ineludible de los Estados en estos procesos.
The diffusion of new technology within the framework of a growing internationalization of production represents a challenge for Latin American economies, due to their impact on the specialization and diversification trajectories of the local production frameworks and the intensification of asymmetrical and incomplete educational processes. A proximities approach offers theoretical-methodological elements that are useful in grasping the role of geographic and non-geographic conditions at work in learning and innovation processes. However, this approach has been developed based on theoretical and empirical studies that analyze innovation processes in developed countries and question the relevance of geographical proximity in these processes. This article proposes a reflection on this approach and rethinking its conceptual approach and methodological design to analyze innovation processes in technical-production frameworks in Latin America. This analysis shows that the study of this phenomenon – from a proximities approach- should consider its complex character, which is impossible to disassociate from context and, as such, the importance of the case study as research method, as well as the exiting tensions among global and local dynamics and the State’s unavoidable role in these processes.
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