Published

2016-04-01

Potential Settlement Due to Seismic Effects in the Residential Area of Ilgin (Konya, Turkey)

Keywords:

Soil settlement, soil dynamic, liquefaction, earthquake, Ilgin, asentamiento del suelo, dinámica de suelos, licuefacción, terremoto. (en)

Downloads

Authors

  • Adnan Ozdemir Necmettin Erbakan University
  • Mahmut Tahir Nalbantcilar Batman University

Ilgin lies on newly formed, loose, granular deposits, and there is a substantial risk for surface liquefaction and foundation settlements due to the seismic effects resulting from groundwater close to the surface. This study evaluates potential settlement due to seismic effects in the residential areas of Ilgin using the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) performed on 45 geotechnical bores. In Turkey, where earthquakes occur frequently, the selection of residential areas is of great importance. In this research, the number of settlements was calculated considering an earthquake having a Local Magnitude of 6 (i.e., ML ≥ 6.0 and a ≥ 0.4 g) under a 0.4 g seismic force, and a potential settlement map of the residential area was prepared. The amount of settlement exceeds 20 cm at locations near Ilgin Lake and in the northern section of Ilgin residential areas; downtown, the settlement ranges from 10-20 cm. The settlements presented here exceed the allowable threshold limits for structures constructed using adobe and brick in this district. Thus, improvements to minimize earthquake-induced damages are required for structures in Ilgin. Moreover, the selection of new residential areas, along with the proper design of the structures before construction, should be examined further to avoid ground liquefaction and structure damage due to settlement. 

 

Resumen

La localidad de Ilgin está ubicada sobre depósitos recién formados, granulares y no compactos, por lo que existe un riesgo sustancial de licuefacción de la superficie y la creación de asentamientos o deslizamientos debido a los efectos sísmicos resultantes del agua subterránea poco profunda. Este artículo evalúa el potencial de asentamiento debido a los efectos sísmicos en las áreas residenciales de Ilgin a través del Ensayo de Penetración Estándar (SPT, en inglés) realizado en 45 perforaciones geotécnicas. En Turquía, donde los terremotos ocurren frecuentemente, la selección de áreas residenciales es de gran importancia. En esta investigación, se calculó el número de asentamientos ante un terremoto con Magnitud Local (ML) de 6 y con una fuerza sísmica de 0.4 g para preparar un mapa de asentamientos en el área residencial. La cantidad de asentamientos supera los 20 centímetros en lugares cercanos al lago Ilgin y en la sección norte del área residencial; en el centro, los rangos de asentamiento van de 10 a 20 cm. Los asentamientos presentados exceden los límites de lo permitido para estructuras construidas en adobe y ladrillo en este distrito. Por esto, se requieren mejoras para minimizar los daños inducidos por terremotos en las estructuras de Ilgin. Además, la selección de nuevas áreas residenciales, junto con el diseño apropiado de las estructuras antes de la construcción, debe ser revisado atentamente para evitar la licuefacción del suelo y el daño de las estructuras debido al asentamiento. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Andrus, D. A., Piratheepant, P., Ellis, B. S., Zhang, J., & Juang, C. H. (2004). Comparing liquefaction evaluation methods using penetration-Vs relationships. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24(9-10), 713-721.

Aydınoglu, M.N. (1998). Afet Bolgelerinde Yapılacak Yapılar Hakkinda Yonetmelik. Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, The Republic of Turkey (in Turkish).

Bardet, J. P., Kapuskar, M. (1993). Liquefaction sand boils in San Francisco during 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 119(3), 543-562.

Barka, A., Reilinger, R., Saroglu, F., & Sengor, A. M. C. (1995). The Isparta Angle: Its importance in the neotectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Proceedings of the International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region, 1, 3-18.

Bartlett, S. F., Youd, T. L. (1995). Empirical predictions of liquefaction-induced lateral spread. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 121(4), 316-329.

Boray, A., Saroglu, F., & Emre, O. (1985). Isparta buklumunun kuzey kesiminde Dogu-Bati daralma icin bazi veriler. Geological Engineering, 23, 9-20 (in Turkish). http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/earth/issues/yer-03-12-1/yer-12-1-5-0301-4.pdf

Canik, B. (1981). Ilgin sicak su kaynaklarinin hidrojeoloji incelemesi. Bulleten of Science Faculty of Selcuk University, 1, 1-18 (in Turkish).

Cetin, K. O., Youd, T. L., Seed, R. B., Bray, J. D., Sancio, R., Lettis, W., Yilmaz, M. T., & Durgunoglu, H. T. (2002). Liquefaction-induced ground deformations at Hotel Sapanca during Kocaeli (Izmit), Turkey earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22, 1083-1092.

Clough, G. W., Martin, J. R., Chameau, J. L. (1994). The geotechnical aspects: Practical Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake. National Research Council, National, Academy Press, Washington D.C., pp. 29-63.

Darendeli, M. B., & Stokoe, K. H. (2001). Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves: University of Texas, Geotechnical Engineering Report GD01-1.

Demirtas, R., & Yilmaz, R. (1996). Seismotectonics of Turkey: Preliminary approach to earthquake forecasting based on long-term variations in seismic activity and present seismicity. Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Public Works, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, Earthquake Research Department, June 1996, 95p.

Hamada, M., Wakamatsu, K., & Ando, T. (1996). Liquefaction induced ground deformation and its caused damage during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake: Proc. 6th Japan–U.S. Workshop on Earthquake resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures Against Soil Liquefaction. In: Hamada M., O’Rourke T.D. (Eds.), Tech. Rep. NCEER-96-0012, September 11, 137-152, Utah.

Holzer, T. L. (1998). Map showing Locations of ground-Failure and damage to Facilities on Treasure Island Attributed to the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake: The Loma Prieta California Earthquake of October 17 1989-Liquefaction, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1551-B, U.S. Gov. Printing office, Washington, D.C., B1-B8.

Ishihara, K., & Yoshimine, M. (1992). Evaluation of settlements in sand deposits following liquefaction during earthquakes. Soils and Foundations, 32(1), 173-188.

Kayabali, K. (1997). The role of soil behavior on damage caused by the Dinar Earthquake (southwestern Turkey) of October 1, 1995. Environmental and Engineering Geosciences, 3(1), 111-121.

Kayabali, K., & Beyaz, T. (2011). Strong motion attenuation relationship for Turkey-a different perspective. Bulletin of the Engineering Geology and Environment, 70, 467–481.

Kimura, M. (1996). Damage statistics. Soils and Foundations: Special ISSUE on Geotechnical Aspects of the January 17, 1995, Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake. Japanese Geotechnical Society, 1-6.

Kocyigit, A., Bozkurt, E., Kaymakci, N., & Saroglu, F. (2002). 3 Şubat 2002 Cay (Afyon) depreminin kaynagı ve agir hasarın nedenleri: Aksehir fay Zonu (Jeolojik on rapor): ODTU Jeoloji Muhendisligi Bolumu Tektonik Arastirma Birimi, 17s. Ankara (in Turkish). http://www.metu.edu.tr/~akoc/Afyon.pdf

Kocyigit, A., Unay, E., & Sarac, G. (2000). Episodic graben formation and extensional neotectonic regime in west Central Anatolia and Isparta Angle: a case study in the Aksehir-Afyon Graben, Turkey. In: Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., Piper, J.D.A. (Eds.), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the surrounding Area, Geological Society London, Special Publications, 173, 405-421.

Liao, S. S. C., & Whitman, R. V. (1986). Catalogue of liquefaction and non-liquefaction occurrences during earthquakes: Res. Rep., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

Liu, A. H., Stewart, J. P., Abrahamson, N. A., & Moriwaki, Y. (2001). Equivalent number of uniform stress cycles for soil liquefaction analysis. J. Geotech. & Geoenv. Engrg., ASCE, 127(12), 1017-1026.

Mercan-Su (2000). Konya Ili Ilgin Ilcesi ilce merkezi ve yakın dolayının jeolojik etut raporu. Manucipality of Ilgin Town, Turkey, 66p. (in Turkish).

Mollamahmutoglu, M., Kayabali, K., Beyaz, T., & Kolay, E. (2003). Liquefaction related building damage in Adapazari during the Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999. Engineering Geology, 67, 297-307.

NCEER (1997). Proceedings of the NCEER Workshop on evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Edited by Youd, T.L., Idriss, I.M., Technical No. NCEER-97-0022, December 31, 1997.

O'Rourke, T. D., & Pease, J. W. (1992). Large ground deformations and their effects on lifeline facilities: 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Case study of Liquefaction and Lifeline Performance During Past Earthquakes, Volume 2: United States case Studies, Tech. Rep., NCEER-92-0002, O'Rourke, T.D., Hamada, M. (eds.), February 17, 85p.

Ozdemir, A., & Ince, I. (2005). Geology seismotectonics and soil liquefaction susceptibility of Ilgın (west-central part of Turkey) residential area. Engineering Geol., 77, 169–188.

Pyke, R., Seed, H. B., & Chan, C. K. (1975). Settlement of sands under multidirectional shaking. J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 101(4), 379-398.

Robertson, P. K., Fear, C. E. (1996). Soil liquefaction and its evaluation based on SPT and CPT: Draft of paper presented at the NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance, Salt Lake City, Utah, January 4-5.

Robertson, P. K. (1994). Design considerations for liquefaction: Proc., 13th int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Engrg., 5, 185-188, New Delhi, India.

Saroglu, F., Emre, O., & Boray, A. (1987). Türkiyenin diri fayları ve depremselliği: Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, Report No: 8174, 394p. (In Turkish).

Seed, H. B., Idriss, I. M. (1971). Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 97 (SM 9), 1249-1273.

Seed, H. B., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L. F., Chung, R. M. (1985). The Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations. J. Geotech. Eng., 111(12), 1425-1445.

Seed, H. B. (1979). Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes. J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE 105(2), 201-255.

Seed, R. B., Cetin, K. O., Moss, R. E. S., Kammerer, A. M., Wu, J., Pestana, J. M., & Riemer, M.F. (2001). Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering and seismic site response evaluation. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotech. Eqk. Engrg. Soil Dyn., Paper No. SPL-2.

Shamoto, Y., Zhang, J., & Tokimatsu, K. (1998). New charts for predicting large residual post-liquefaction ground deformations. Soil Dyn Earthquake Engrg, 17: 427-438.

Stewart, J. P., Bray, J. D., McMahon, D. J., Smith, P. M., & Kropp, A. L. (2001). Seismic performance of hillside fills. J. Geotech. & Geoenv. Eng., 127(11), 905-919.

Stewart, J. P., Smith, P. M., Whang, D. H., & Bray, J. D. (2002). Documentation and analysis of field case histories of seismic compression during the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake: Report No. PEER-2002/09, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, U.C. Berkeley, October.

Stewart, J. P., Whang, D.H. (2003). Simplified procedure to estimate ground settlement from seismic compression in compacted soils: Proc. Of the 2003 Pacific conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engrg., Paper No. 046.

Tatsuoka, F., Sasaki, T. & Yamada, S. (1984). Settlement in saturated sand induced by cyclic undrained simple shear. Proc. 8th Word Conf. Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA, 95-102.

Tokimatsu, K., & Seed, H. B. (1987). Evaluation of settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking. Journal of ASCE, 113(8), 861-878.

Ulusay, R., Aydan, O., Kumsar, H., & Sonmez, H. (2000). Engineering geological characteristic of the 1998 Adana Ceyhan Earthquake with particular emphasis on liquefaction phenomena and the role of soil behaviour. Bulletten of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 59(2), 99-118.

Whals, H. E. (1981). Tolerable settlement of buildings. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 107(11), 1489-1504.

Yoshimine, M., Nishizaki, H., Amano, K., & Hosono, Y. (2006). Flow deformation of liquefied sand under constant shear load and its application to analysis of flow slide of infinite slope. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(2-4), 253-264.

Zhang, G., Robertson, P. K., & Brachman, R. W. I. (2002). Estimating liquefaction-induced ground settlements from CPT for level ground. Canadian Geotecnical Journal, 39, 1168-1180.

Zhang, G., Robertson, P. K., Asce, M., & Brachman, R. W. I. (2004). Estimating Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Displacements Using the Standard Penetration Test or Cone Penetration Test. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(8), 861-871.

License

Earth Sciences Research Journal holds a Creative Commons Attribution license. 

You are free to:

Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.

The Earth Sciences Research Journal is the copyright holder for these license attributes.