Publicado

2020-07-01

Leyes electorales y escaños constitucionales: matemática vs. política

Apportionment Laws and Constitutional Seats: Mathematics vs. Politics

Palabras clave:

prorrateo, elecciones, sistema electoral, reforma electoral, representación proporcional (es)
apportionment, elections, electoral system, electoral reform, proportional representation (en)

Descargas

Autores/as

Las leyes electorales tienen un contenido matemático y político delimitado por el derecho, y para su correcto análisis es necesario examinar cómo se llega a la aprobación de dicha legislación. Para ello, se ha seleccionado la legislación electoral vigente en los Estados Unidos de América como objeto de este estudio, puesto que, en su tramitación parlamentaria, y en el caso que nos concierne, también académica, puede observarse una gran dicotomía entre argumentos matemáticos sobre el reparto más equitativo de escaños, contra explicaciones políticas que justifican la aplicación de otras alternativas para el beneficio de intereses partidistas que, de un modo u otro, forman parte de toda ley electoral. También este estudio se fija en cómo la aplicación de técnicas constitucionales extrapolables a la mayoría de las democracias modernas, con independencia del método de prorrateo escogido para el reparto de escaños de su cámara, suponen una injerencia de la representación igualitaria en la representación proporcional, y por ende producen un sesgo en el método de prorrateo aplicable.
Apportionment laws have both mathematical and political components framed by law. In order to conduct an appropriate analysis, it is necessary to examine how apportionment laws are negotiated, passed and turned into legally binding documents. The reason for choosing the United States of America’s current apportionment legislation as the object of this study, is due to the fact that in the process of discussion and passing of said legislation we can observe a great dichotomy between mathematics and politics. While the aim of mathematics is to find the most equitable form of seat apportionment, the political justification for choosing this or another solution will be simply based on furthering political interest. Additionally, in this particular case, the legislative processes are mirrored by academic discussions on the subject matter, that influence the decision-making process. This inquiry also focuses on how constitutional techniques can interfere in the proportional representation system, thus producing an inherent bias in the applied method of apportionment, whichever this may be. These findings can be extrapolated to any modern democracy.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962). Nueva York: Supreme Court. Recuperado de https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/369/186/

Balinski, M. L. Y. & Peyton, H. (2001). Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote. Washington: Brookins Institution Press.

English, R. M. (2003). The United States Congress. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Hamilton, V. V. d. V. (1982). Hugo Black: The Alabama Years. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

History, Art and Archives & United States House of Representatives. (1941-2016). 78th through 115th Congresses (1943-2019). Recuperado de https://history.house.gov/Congressional-Overview/Profiles/78th/; https://history.house.gov/Congressional-Overview/Profiles/115th/

Huntington, E. V. (1921). A New Method of Apportionment of Representatives. Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association, 17(135), 859-870. https://doi.org/10.2307/2965187

Huntington, E. V. (1928). The Reapportionment Bill in Congress. Science, 67(1742), 509-510. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.67.1742.509

Huntington, E. V. (1929a). Reply to Professor Willcox. Science, 69(1784), 272. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.69.1784.272-b

Huntington, E. V. (1929b). The Report of the National Academy of Sciences on Reapportionment. Science, 69(1792), 471-473. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.69.1792.471

Huntington, E. V. (1942). The Method of Congressional Apportionment under the Law of 1941. Science, 95(2471), 477-478. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.95.2471.477

Katz, J. N., Gelman, A., & King, G. (2002). Empirically Evaluating the Electoral College. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lee, F. E., & Oppenheimer, B. I. (1999). Sizing up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ley Orgánica 5 de 1985 (19 de junio), del Régimen Electoral General. Recuperado de https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1985/06/19/5/con

Lincoln, A. (1863). The Gettysburg Address. Recuperado de http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm

Members of the Supreme Court of the United States. (2019). About the Court. Recuparado de https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx

Miller, N. R. (2012). Election inversions by the US Electoral College. En D. Felsenthal & M. Machover (Eds.), Electoral Systems. Studies in Choice and Welfare (pp. 93-127). Berlín: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20441-8_4

Neubauer, M. G. & Zeitlin, J. (2003). Outcomes of Presidential Elections and the House Size. Political Science and Politics, 36(4), 721-725. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096503003019

Pfiffner, J. P. (2001). Reevaluating the Electoral College. Manuscrito no publicado, George Mason University, Estados Unidos.

Poston, D. L. (1997). The US Census and congressional apportionment. Society, 34(3), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-997-1005-6

Pukelsheim, F. (2017). Proportional Representation. Apportionment Methods and Their Applications. Nueva York: Springer.

Ross, T. (2004). The Electoral College: Enlightened Democracy. The Heritage Foundation. Recuperado de https://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/the-electoral-college-enlightened-democracy

Schmeckebier, L. F. (1941). Congressional Apportionment. Washington: The Brookings Institution.

Sides, J., Tesler, M. & Vavreck, L. (2017). The 2016 U.S. Election: How Trump Lost and Won. Journal of Democracy, 28(2), 34-44. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0022

Smith, L. A. (S. F.). Senatorial and Judicial First Amendment Rhetoric of Hugo LaFayette Black. Communication Law Review. Recuperado de http://www.commlawreview.org/Archives/v7i1/Senatorial%20and%20Judicial%20First%20Amendment%20Rhetoric%20of%20Hugo%20LaFayette%20Black.pdf

National Archives, Estados Unidos. Transcript of the Constitution of the United States - Official Text. (1787 - ratified 1788). The Characters of Freedom. Recuperado de http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html

Treaty Establishing the European Comunities. (1957). Treaty of Paris and Rome. Recuperado de https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12002E/TXT

United States Census Bureau. (2008). Joseph Adna Hill. Recuperado de https://www.census.gov/history/www/census_then_now/notable_alumni/joseph_adna_hill.html

United States Code. (2006). 2.§ 2a. Reapportionment of Representatives. 18 de Junio de 1929, ch. 28, §22, 46 Stat. 26. Recuperado de https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2006-title2/pdf/USCODE-2006-title2-chap1-sec2a.pdf

United States Census Bureau. (2012a). 2010 Apportionment Results. Recuperado de https://www.census.gov/population/apportionment/data/2010_apportionment_results.html

United States Census Bureau. (2012b). Computing Apportionment. Recuperado de https://www.census.gov/population/apportionment/about/computing.html

Willcox, W. F. (1928). The Apportionment of Representatives. Science, 67(1745), 581-582. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.67.1745.581

Willcox, W. F. (1929a). The Apportionment Situation in Congress. Science, 69(1780), 163-165. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.69.1780.163-a

Willcox, W. F. (1929b). Professor Huntington's Method in Controversy. Science, 69(1787), 357-358. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.69.1787.357-c

Willcox, W. F. (1942). An Untried Method of Federal Reapportionment. Science, 95(2472), 501-503. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.95.2472.501

Midterm Election Results. (27 de noviembre de 2018). New York Times. Recuperado de https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/us/elections/calendar-primary-results.html