Perspectivismo, animismo y quimeras: una reflexión sobre el grafismo amerindio como técnica de alteración de la percepción
Perspectivism, Animism and Quimeras: A reflection on Amerindian design systems as techniques for altering perception
Keywords:
grafismo, chamanismo, figuración, quimera, perspectivismo (es)graphism, shamanism, figuration, chimera, perspectivism (en)
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Este artículo tiene por objeto explorar cómo varias técnicas formales usadas por el grafismo cashinahua y de otros “pueblos con diseño” pueden ser consideradas técnicas perspectivistas, es decir, técnicas que permiten al espectador cambiar de punto de vista. También se explora la posibilidad de considerar estos grafismos como “quimeras abstractas”, en el sentido dado al término por Severi, llamando la atención sobre la tensión entre lo que está dado y lo que no está dado al ver una imagen. Se argumenta que en el caso del grafismo amerindio se trata de una imagen extremadamente minimalista que supone un involucramiento real del mirar con la imagen. Se busca demostrar cómo las diferentes características formales de la composición de los dibujos constituyen técnicas de focalización del mirar cuyo efecto kinestésico consiste en absorber al observador para dentro del espacio gráfico, haciendo desaparecer la opacidad de la superficie y produciendo movimiento y profundidad en el espacio perceptivo. La línea produce la transparencia de la piel, produce caminos y se abre para la percepción de figuras dentro del dibujo.
This article explores how different formal techniques used by the Cashinahua and other “people with design” can be considered as “perspectival techniques”, meaning techniques enabling the onlooker to change point of view. I also consider the possibility of baptizing these design systems as “abstract chimeras”. I use chimera in the sense given to the term by Severi, calling attention to the tension between what is shown and what is hidden in an image. I argue that in the case of Amerindian design systems we are dealing with extremely minimalistic images, which suppose a real engagement of the act of seeing with the image. I show how different formal characteristics of the composition of the images constitute techniques for the focalization of the gaze, whose kinesthetic effect consists in projecting the onlooker into the graphic space, causing the opacity of the surface to disappear and producing movement and profundity in the perceptive space. The line produces the suggestion of transparency of the skin, produces pathways and opens towards the perception of figuration inside the frame of the patterned surface.
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