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Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction
Extracto hidroalcohólico de Salvia officinalis: Propiedades antioxidantes y detección in vitro de la interacción entre la proteína Spike y la ECA2 del SARS-CoV-2
Extrato hidroalcoólico de Salvia officinalis: propriedades antioxidantes e triagem in vitro contra a interação Spike-ACE2 do SARS-CoV-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.121583Palabras clave:
Salvia officinalis L., rosmarinic acid, biological activity, Spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 (en)Salvia officinalis L., ácido rosmarínico, actividad biológica, proteína Spike, SARS-CoV-2 (es)
Salvia officinalis L, ácido rosmarínico, atividade biológica, proteína Spike, SARS-CoV-2 (pt)
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Introduction: Salvia officinalis L. (sage) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is native to the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. Sage extract is an excellent source of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, such as rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinic acid, a phenolic compound found in various Lamiaceae plants, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the antioxidant capacity of the hydroalcoholic extract (SO-CWB) of the S. officinalis L. and to evaluate its ability to inhibit the interaction between ACE2 and Spike proteins in an in vitro assay. Methodology: The extract was characterized through analyses of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, reducing sugars, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and evaluated through a screening assay for inhibitors of the interaction between the Spike protein of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the wild-type (WT) variant of SARS-CoV-2. Results: The hydroethanolic extract showed concentrations of rosmarinic acid (5.1 ± 0.8) µg mg-1, total phenolic compounds (60.9 ± 0.3) µgGAE mg-1, flavonoid compounds (30.11 ± 0.4) µgQEmg-1, and reduced sugar (352.2 ± 31.8) µgGE mg-1. Additionally, it exhibited antioxidant activity against DPPH (135.5 ± 3.8) µmolTE L-1 mg-1, ABTS (221.2 ± 2.7) µmolTE L-1 mg-1, and FRAP (326.1 ± 20.9) µmolFeSO4 L-1 mg-1. The extract and the rosmarinic acid standard were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the interaction between the RBD Spike protein of the wild-type (WT) variant of SARS-CoV-2. The extract and rosmarinic acid did not influence the interaction between ACE2 and Spike proteins in the assay (activity >90%). So, the standard hesperidin was tested as a comparative and to evaluate the efficacy of the test, and hesperidin showed binding-inhibition activity against Spike-ACE2. Conclusion: Although the extract and rosmarinic acid did not interfere with Spike–ACE2 binding, strong antioxidant activity, suggesting potential relevance in mitigating oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during COVID-19.
Introducción: Salvia officinalis L. (salvia) pertenece a la familia Lamiaceae y es originaria del Oriente Medio y de las regiones mediterráneas. El extracto de salvia es una excelente fuente de flavonoides y de compuestos polifenólicos, como el ácido rosmarínico. El ácido rosmarínico, un compuesto fenólico presente en diversas plantas de la familia Lamiaceae, exhibe actividades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias, antibacterianas y antivirales. Objetivo: Caracterizar la capacidad antioxidante de un extracto hidroalcohólico (SO-CWB) de Salvia officinalis L. y evaluar su capacidad para inhibir la interacción entre las proteínas ACE2 y Spike en un ensayo in vitro. Metodología: El extracto fue caracterizado mediante análisis de compuestos fenólicos totales, flavonoides y azúcares reductores, y de la actividad antioxidante (DPPH, ABTS y FRAP), y evaluado en un ensayo de cribado para inhibidores de la interacción entre la proteína Spike del dominio de unión al receptor (RBD) de la variante silvestre (WT) del SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: El extracto hidroetanólico mostró concentraciones de ácido rosmarínico (5.06 ± 0.8 µg mg⁻¹), compuestos fenólicos totales (60.9 ± 0.3 µg GAE mg⁻¹), compuestos flavonoides (30.11 ± 0.4 µg QE mg⁻¹) y azúcares reductores (352.2 ± 31.8 µg GE mg⁻¹). Además, exhibió actividad antioxidante frente a DPPH (135.5 ± 3.8) µmolTE L-1 mg-1, ABTS (221.2 ± 2.7) µmolTE L-1 mg-1 y FRAP (326.1 ± 20.9) µmolFeSO₄ L-1 mg-1. El extracto y el estándar de ácido rosmarínico se evaluaron mediante un ensayo de tamizaje para identificar inhibidores de la interacción entre el dominio de unión al receptor (RBD) de la proteína Spike de la variante de tipo salvaje (WT) del SARS-CoV-2. El extracto y el ácido rosmarínico no influyeron en la interacción entre las proteínas ACE2 y Spike en el ensayo (actividad > 90%). Por ello, se probó la hesperidina estándar como comparación, y la evaluación de la eficacia, tanto del extracto como de la hesperidina, mostró actividad en la inhibición de la unión entre Spike y ACE2. Conclusión:Aunque el extracto y el ácido rosmarínico no interfirieron en la unión Spike–ACE2, debido a su fuerte actividad antioxidante, el extracto puede considerarse relevante para contrarrestar la sobreproducción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) y el estrés oxidativo durante la COVID-19.
Salvia officinalis L. (sálvia) pertence à família Lamiaceae e é nativa do Oriente Médio e das regiões mediterrâneas. O extrato de sálvia é uma excelente fonte de flavonoides e de compostos polifenólicos, como o ácido rosmarínico. O ácido rosmarínico, um composto fenólico presente em diversas plantas da família Lamiaceae, apresenta atividades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias, antibacterianas e antivirais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a capacidade antioxidante de um extrato hidroalcoólico (SO-CWB) de Salvia officinalis L. e avaliar sua capacidade de inibir a interação entre as proteínas ACE2 e Spike em um ensaio in vitro. Metodologia: O extrato foi caracterizado por meio de análises de compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides, açúcares redutores e atividade antioxidante (DPPH, ABTS e FRAP), e avaliado em um ensaio de triagem para inibidores da interação entre a proteína Spike do domínio de ligação ao receptor (RBD) da variante selvagem (WT) do SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: O extrato hidroetanólico apresentou concentrações de ácido rosmarínico (5,06 ± 0,8 µg mg⁻¹), compostos fenólicos totais (60,9 ± 0,3 µgGAE mg⁻¹), compostos flavonoides (30,11 ± 0,4 µgQE mg⁻¹) e açúcares redutores (352,2 ± 31,8 µgGE mg⁻¹). Além disso, apresentou atividade antioxidante contra DPPH (135,5 ± 3,8 µmolTE L⁻¹ mg⁻¹), ABTS (221,2 ± 2,75 µmolTE L⁻¹ mg⁻¹) e FRAP (326,1 ± 20,9 µmolFeSO₄ L⁻¹ mg⁻¹). O extrato e o padrão de ácido rosmarínico foram avaliados por meio de um ensaio de triagem para inibidores da interação entre o domínio de ligação ao receptor (RBD) da proteína Spike da variante do tipo selvagem (WT) do SARS-CoV-2. O extrato e o ácido rosmarínico não influenciaram a interação entre as proteínas ACE2 e Spike no ensaio (atividade > 90%). Assim, o padrão hesperidina foi utilizado como comparativo, e a avaliação da eficácia do extrato e da hesperidina demonstrou atividade na inibição da ligação entre Spike e ACE2. Conclusão: Embora o extrato e o ácido rosmarínico não tenham interferido na ligação Spike–ACE2, devido à sua forte atividade antioxidante, o extrato pode ser considerado relevante para contrabalançar a superprodução de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e o estresse oxidativo durante a COVID-19.
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