Publicado

2026-04-22

Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction

Extracto hidroalcohólico de Salvia officinalis: Propiedades antioxidantes y detección in vitro de la interacción entre la proteína Spike y la ECA2 del SARS-CoV-2

Extrato hidroalcoólico de Salvia officinalis: propriedades antioxidantes e triagem in vitro contra a interação Spike-ACE2 do SARS-CoV-2

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.121583

Palabras clave:

Salvia officinalis L., rosmarinic acid, biological activity, Spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 (en)
Salvia officinalis L., ácido rosmarínico, actividad biológica, proteína Spike, SARS-CoV-2 (es)
Salvia officinalis L, ácido rosmarínico, atividade biológica, proteína Spike, SARS-CoV-2 (pt)

Descargas

Autores/as

Introduction: Salvia officinalis L. (sage) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is native to the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. Sage extract is an excellent source of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, such as rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinic acid, a phenolic compound found in various Lamiaceae plants, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the antioxidant capacity of the hydroalcoholic extract (SO-CWB) of the S. officinalis L. and to evaluate its ability to inhibit the interaction between ACE2 and Spike proteins in an in vitro assay. Methodology: The extract was characterized through analyses of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, reducing sugars, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and evaluated through a screening assay for inhibitors of the interaction between the Spike protein of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the wild-type (WT) variant of SARS-CoV-2. Results: The hydroethanolic extract showed concentrations of rosmarinic acid (5.1 ± 0.8) µg mg-1, total phenolic compounds (60.9 ± 0.3) µgGAE mg-1, flavonoid compounds (30.11 ± 0.4) µgQEmg-1, and reduced sugar (352.2 ± 31.8) µgGE mg-1. Additionally, it exhibited antioxidant activity against DPPH (135.5 ± 3.8) µmolTE L-1 mg-1, ABTS (221.2 ± 2.7) µmolTE L-1 mg-1, and FRAP (326.1 ± 20.9) µmolFeSO4 L-1 mg-1. The extract and the rosmarinic acid standard were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the interaction between the RBD Spike protein of the wild-type (WT) variant of SARS-CoV-2. The extract and rosmarinic acid did not influence the interaction between ACE2 and Spike proteins in the assay (activity >90%). So, the standard hesperidin was tested as a comparative and to evaluate the efficacy of the test, and hesperidin showed binding-inhibition activity against Spike-ACE2. Conclusion: Although the extract and rosmarinic acid did not interfere with Spike–ACE2 binding, strong antioxidant activity, suggesting potential relevance in mitigating oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during COVID-19.

Introducción: Salvia officinalis L. (salvia) pertenece a la familia Lamiaceae y es originaria del Oriente Medio y de las regiones mediterráneas. El extracto de salvia es una excelente fuente de flavonoides y de compuestos polifenólicos, como el ácido rosmarínico. El ácido rosmarínico, un compuesto fenólico presente en diversas plantas de la familia Lamiaceae, exhibe actividades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias, antibacterianas y antivirales. Objetivo: Caracterizar la capacidad antioxidante de un extracto hidroalcohólico (SO-CWB) de Salvia officinalis L. y evaluar su capacidad para inhibir la interacción entre las proteínas ACE2 y Spike en un ensayo in vitro. Metodología: El extracto fue caracterizado mediante análisis de compuestos fenólicos totales, flavonoides y azúcares reductores, y de la actividad antioxidante (DPPH, ABTS y FRAP), y evaluado en un ensayo de cribado para inhibidores de la interacción entre la proteína Spike del dominio de unión al receptor (RBD) de la variante silvestre (WT) del SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: El extracto hidroetanólico mostró concentraciones de ácido rosmarínico (5.06 ± 0.8 µg mg⁻¹), compuestos fenólicos totales (60.9 ± 0.3 µg GAE mg⁻¹), compuestos flavonoides (30.11 ± 0.4 µg QE mg⁻¹) y azúcares reductores (352.2 ± 31.8 µg GE mg⁻¹). Además, exhibió actividad antioxidante frente a DPPH (135.5 ± 3.8) µmolTE L-1 mg-1, ABTS (221.2 ± 2.7) µmolTE L-1 mg-1 y FRAP (326.1 ± 20.9) µmolFeSO₄ L-1 mg-1. El extracto y el estándar de ácido rosmarínico se evaluaron mediante un ensayo de tamizaje para identificar inhibidores de la interacción entre el dominio de unión al receptor (RBD) de la proteína Spike de la variante de tipo salvaje (WT) del SARS-CoV-2. El extracto y el ácido rosmarínico no influyeron en la interacción entre las proteínas ACE2 y Spike en el ensayo (actividad > 90%). Por ello, se probó la hesperidina estándar como comparación, y la evaluación de la eficacia, tanto del extracto como de la hesperidina, mostró actividad en la inhibición de la unión entre Spike y ACE2. Conclusión:Aunque el extracto y el ácido rosmarínico no interfirieron en la unión Spike–ACE2, debido a su fuerte actividad antioxidante, el extracto puede considerarse relevante para contrarrestar la sobreproducción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) y el estrés oxidativo durante la COVID-19.

Salvia officinalis L. (sálvia) pertence à família Lamiaceae e é nativa do Oriente Médio e das regiões mediterrâneas. O extrato de sálvia é uma excelente fonte de flavonoides e de compostos polifenólicos, como o ácido rosmarínico. O ácido rosmarínico, um composto fenólico presente em diversas plantas da família Lamiaceae, apresenta atividades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias, antibacterianas e antivirais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a capacidade antioxidante de um extrato hidroalcoólico (SO-CWB) de Salvia officinalis L. e avaliar sua capacidade de inibir a interação entre as proteínas ACE2 e Spike em um ensaio in vitro. Metodologia: O extrato foi caracterizado por meio de análises de compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides, açúcares redutores e atividade antioxidante (DPPH, ABTS e FRAP), e avaliado em um ensaio de triagem para inibidores da interação entre a proteína Spike do domínio de ligação ao receptor (RBD) da variante selvagem (WT) do SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: O extrato hidroetanólico apresentou concentrações de ácido rosmarínico (5,06 ± 0,8 µg mg⁻¹), compostos fenólicos totais (60,9 ± 0,3 µgGAE mg⁻¹), compostos flavonoides (30,11 ± 0,4 µgQE mg⁻¹) e açúcares redutores (352,2 ± 31,8 µgGE mg⁻¹). Além disso, apresentou atividade antioxidante contra DPPH (135,5 ± 3,8 µmolTE L⁻¹ mg⁻¹), ABTS (221,2 ± 2,75 µmolTE L⁻¹ mg⁻¹) e FRAP (326,1 ± 20,9 µmolFeSO₄ L⁻¹ mg⁻¹). O extrato e o padrão de ácido rosmarínico foram avaliados por meio de um ensaio de triagem para inibidores da interação entre o domínio de ligação ao receptor (RBD) da proteína Spike da variante do tipo selvagem (WT) do SARS-CoV-2. O extrato e o ácido rosmarínico não influenciaram a interação entre as proteínas ACE2 e Spike no ensaio (atividade > 90%). Assim, o padrão hesperidina foi utilizado como comparativo, e a avaliação da eficácia do extrato e da hesperidina demonstrou atividade na inibição da ligação entre Spike e ACE2. Conclusão: Embora o extrato e o ácido rosmarínico não tenham interferido na ligação Spike–ACE2, devido à sua forte atividade antioxidante, o extrato pode ser considerado relevante para contrabalançar a superprodução de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e o estresse oxidativo durante a COVID-19.

Referencias

1. A.L. Lopresti. Salvia (sage): A review of its potential cognitive-enhancing and protective effects. Drugs in R&D, 17(1), 53–64 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40268-016-0157-5

2. S. Noor, T. Mohammad, M.A. Rub, A. Raza, N. Azum, D.K. Yadav, M.I. Hassan & A.M. Asiri. Biomedical features and therapeutic potential of rosmarinic acid. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 45(4), 205–228 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-022-01378-2

3. A. Ghorbani & M. Esmaeilizadeh. Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7(4), 433–440 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014

4. M.R.B. Khedher, S. Ben-Khedher, I. Chaieb, S. Tounsi & M. Hammami. Chemical composition and biological activities of Salvia officinalis essential oil from Tunisia. EXCLI Journal, 16, 160–173 (2017). https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2016-832

5. D. Elebeedy, W.F. Elkhatib, A. Kandeil, A. Ghanem, O. Kutkat, R. Alnajjar, M.A. Saleh, A.I. Abd-El-Maksoud, I. Badawy & A.A. Al-Karmalawy. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of tanshinone IIA, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid, baicalein, and glycyrrhetinic acid between computational and in vitro insights. RSC Advances, 11(47), 29267–29286 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05268c

6. L. Delgado-Roche & F. MestaF. Oxidative stress as key player in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. Archives of Medical Research, 51(5), 384–387 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.019

7. Brazil. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Formulário de Fitoterápicos da Farmacopeia Brasileira [Formulary of Herbal Medicines of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia]. 2nd ed. Brasília, 2021. URL: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/farmacopeia/formulario-fitoterapico

8. M. Al-Duais, L. Muller, V. Bohm & G. Jetschke. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolics of Cyphostemma digitatum before and after processing: use of different assays. European Food Research and Technology, 228, 813-821 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-008-0994-8

9. E. Alves & E.H. Kubota. Conteúdo de fenólicos, flavonoides totais e atividade antioxidante de amostras de própolis comerciais. Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básicas e Aplicadas, 34(1), 37–41 (2013). URL: https://rcfba.fcfar.unesp.br/index.php/ojs/article/view/233

10. J. Lee. A quick and simple method for blood-sugar estimation. British Medical Journal, 6(2), 1087–1088 (1954). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4896.1087

11. G.L. Miller. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for the determination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry, 31(3), 426-428 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030

12. I. Hamrouni-Sellami, F.Z. Rahali, I.B. Rebey, S. Bourgou, F. Limam & B. Marzouk. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants as affected by different drying methods. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6(3), 806–817 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0877-7

13. F. Mueller, D. Mazza, T.J. Stasevich & J.G. McNally. FRAP and kinetic modeling in the analysis of nuclear protein dynamics: what do we really know? Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 22(3), 403–411 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2010.03.002

14. A. Soldera-Silva, M. Seyfried, L.H. Campestrini, S.F. Zawadzki-Baggio, A.P. Minho, M.B. Molento & J.B.B. Maurer. Assessment of anthelmintic activity and bio-guided chemical analysis of Persea americana seed extracts. Veterinary Parasitology, 251, 34–43 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.019

15. B. Safarpour, R.E. Kenari & J. Farmani. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of nanoencapsulated sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extract in biopolymer coating based on whey protein isolate and Qodumeh Shahri (Lepidium perfoliatum) seed gum to increase the oxidative stability of sunflower oil. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(3), 1394–1402 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3177

16. Z. Khiya, Y. Oualcadi, A. Gamar, F. Berrekhis, T. Zair & F. El-Hilali. Correlation of total polyphenolic content with antioxidant activity of hydromethanolic extract and their fractions of the Salvia officinalis leaves from different regions of Morocco. Journal of Chemistry, 2021, 585313 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8585313

17. R. Cecchini & A.L. Cecchini. SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis is related to oxidative stress as a response to aggression. Medical Hypotheses, 143, 110102 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110102

18. R. Mokhtari, M.K. Fard, M. Rezaei, S.A. Moftakharzadeh & A. Mohseni. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and characterization of phenolic compounds of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and thyme–sage mixture extracts. Journal of Food Quality, 2023, 602454 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2602454

19. E.S. Teoh. Secondary metabolites of plants. In: Medicinal Orchids of Asia. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016; pp. 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24274-3_5

20. K. Kozics, V. Klusová, A. Srančíková, P. Mučaji, D. Slameňová, L. Hunáková, B. Kusznierewicz & E. Horváthová. Effects of Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris on oxidant-induced DNA damage and antioxidant status in HepG2 cells. Food Chemistry, 141(3), 2198–2206 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.089

21. H. Harindranath, A. Susil, S. Rajeshwari, M. Sekar & B.R. Prashantha-Kumar. Unlocking the potential of rosmarinic acid: A review on extraction, isolation, quantification, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology. Phytomedicine Plus, 5(1), 100726 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2024.100726

22. Z. Liang, L. Wu, X. Deng, Q. Liang, Y. Xu, R. Deng, L. Lv, M. Ji, Z. Hao & J. He. The antioxidant rosmarinic acid ameliorates oxidative lung damage in experimental allergic asthma via modulation of NADPH oxidases and antioxidant enzymes. Inflammation, 43, 1902–1912 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-020-01264-3

23. H. Guan, W. Luo, B. Bao, Y. Cao, F. Cheng, S. Yu, Q. Fan, L. Zhang, Q. Wu & M.A. Shan. A comprehensive review of rosmarinic acid: from phytochemistry to pharmacology and its new insight. Molecules, 27(10), 3292 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103292

24. C.H. Chung, W. Jung, H. Keum, T.W. Kim & S. Jon. Nanoparticles derived from the natural antioxidant rosmarinic acid ameliorate acute inflammatory bowel disease. ACS Nano, 14(6), 6887–6896 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01018

25. W. Zhang, C. Cheng, Z. Sha, C. Chen, C. Yu, N. Lv, P. Ji, X. Wu, T. Ma, H. Cheng & L. Shi. Rosmarinic acid prevents refractory bacterial pneumonia through regulating Keap1/Nrf2-mediated autophagic pathway and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 168, 247–257 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.038

26. A.A. Rabaan, S.H. Al-Ahmed, J. Muhammad, A. Khan, A.A. Sule, R. Tirupathi, et al. Role of inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients: A review on molecular mechanisms, immune functions, immunopathology and immunomodulatory drugs to counter cytokine storm. Vaccines, 9(5), 436 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050436

27. W.J. Sander, C. Fourie, S. Sabiu, F.H. O'Neill, C.H. Pohl & H.G. O'Neill. Reactive oxygen species as potential antiviral targets. Reviews in Medical Virology, 32(1), e2240 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2240

28. K. Kiełbowski, M. Herian & A. Pawlik. How to restore oxidative balance that was disrupted by SARS-CoV-2 infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(12), 6377 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126377

29. A. Cuadrado, M. Pajares, C. Benito, J. Jiménez-Villegas, M. Escoll, R. Fernández-Ginés, A.J. Garcia-Yagüe, D. Lastra, G. Manda, A.I. Rojo, & A.T. Dinkova-Kostova. Can activation of NRF2 be a strategy against COVID-19? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 41(9), 598–610 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003

30. I.G. Fernandes, C. Alves de Brito, V.M. Silva dos Reis, M.N. Sato & N.Z. Pereira. SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses: What does oxidative stress have to do with it? Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 8844280 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8844280

31. F.-J. Cheng, T.-K. Huynh, C.-S. Yang, D.-W. Hu, Y.-C. Shen, C.-Y. Tu, Y.-C. Wu, C.-H. Tang, W.-C. Huang, Y. Chen & C.-Y. Ho. Hesperidin is a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrients, 13(8), 2800 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082800

32. A. Basu, A. Sarkar & U. Maulik. Molecular docking study of potential phytochemicals and their effects on the complex of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 17699 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74715-4

33. B. Araujo-Gomes, D. Araújo-Fernandes, T. Silva da Fonseca, M. Freire-Campos, P. Alves-Jural, M.V. Toledo e Silva, et al. Plants’ metabolites as in vitro inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 targets: a systematic review and computational analysis. Drugs Drug Candidates, 4(2), 27 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc4020027

34. E.P. Septisetyani, H.S. Harsan, D. Kumara, P.W. Prasetyaningrum, K.A. Paramitasari, A.D. Cahyani, K. Anam, R.F. Kastian, A. Santoso, M. Ikawati & E. Meiyanto. The effect of Citrus reticulata peel extract containing hesperidin on the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on pseudovirus entry assays. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 15(2), 205–214 (2025). https://doi.org/10.7324/japs.2025.195397

35. J. Wieczfinska, P. Kleniewska & R. Pawliczak. Oxidative stress-related mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022, 5589089 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5589089

Cómo citar

APA

Peitz, C., Cristina Riegel-Vidotti Miyata, I., Beltrão Molento, M. & Bello Baron Maurer, J. (2026). Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, 55(2), 408–421. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.121583

ACM

[1]
Peitz, C., Cristina Riegel-Vidotti Miyata, I., Beltrão Molento, M. y Bello Baron Maurer, J. 2026. Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas. 55, 2 (abr. 2026), 408–421. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.121583.

ACS

(1)
Peitz, C.; Cristina Riegel-Vidotti Miyata, I.; Beltrão Molento, M.; Bello Baron Maurer, J. Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm. 2026, 55, 408-421.

ABNT

PEITZ, C.; CRISTINA RIEGEL-VIDOTTI MIYATA, I.; BELTRÃO MOLENTO, M.; BELLO BARON MAURER, J. Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, [S. l.], v. 55, n. 2, p. 408–421, 2026. DOI: 10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.121583. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/121583. Acesso em: 12 may. 2026.

Chicago

Peitz, Camila, Izabel Cristina Riegel-Vidotti Miyata, Marcelo Beltrão Molento, y Juliana Bello Baron Maurer. 2026. «Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction». Revista Colombiana De Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas 55 (2):408-21. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.121583.

Harvard

Peitz, C., Cristina Riegel-Vidotti Miyata, I., Beltrão Molento, M. y Bello Baron Maurer, J. (2026) «Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction», Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, 55(2), pp. 408–421. doi: 10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.121583.

IEEE

[1]
C. Peitz, I. Cristina Riegel-Vidotti Miyata, M. Beltrão Molento, y J. Bello Baron Maurer, «Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction», Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm., vol. 55, n.º 2, pp. 408–421, abr. 2026.

MLA

Peitz, C., I. Cristina Riegel-Vidotti Miyata, M. Beltrão Molento, y J. Bello Baron Maurer. «Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction». Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, vol. 55, n.º 2, abril de 2026, pp. 408-21, doi:10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.121583.

Turabian

Peitz, Camila, Izabel Cristina Riegel-Vidotti Miyata, Marcelo Beltrão Molento, y Juliana Bello Baron Maurer. «Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction». Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas 55, no. 2 (abril 21, 2026): 408–421. Accedido mayo 12, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/121583.

Vancouver

1.
Peitz C, Cristina Riegel-Vidotti Miyata I, Beltrão Molento M, Bello Baron Maurer J. Hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis: Antioxidant properties and in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 Spike–ACE2 interaction. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm. [Internet]. 21 de abril de 2026 [citado 12 de mayo de 2026];55(2):408-21. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/121583

Descargar cita

CrossRef Cited-by

CrossRef citations0

Dimensions

PlumX

Visitas a la página del resumen del artículo

53

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.