Publicado

2026-04-21

Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence

Desarrollo de un sistema de pastillero inteligente para mejorar la adherencia a la medicación

Desenvolvimento de um sistema inteligente de porta-comprimidos para melhorar a adesão à medicação

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.124746

Palabras clave:

Caregivers, Electronic Health Records, Reaction Time, Polypharmacy (en)
Cuidadores, historiales clínicos electrónicos, tiempo de reacción, polifarmacia (es)
Cuidadores, registros eletrônicos de saúde, tempo de reação, polifarmácia (pt)

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Autores/as

  • Hanyakel Al_hussaniy Dr Hany Akeel Al-hussaniy
  • Amjad Ibrahim Oraibi Iraqi Medical Research Center

Introduction: The aging population and associated polypharmacy increase the risk of medication non-adherence, negatively affecting health and quality of life. Existing smart pillboxes help improve adherence but fall short in other aspects. Medication management requires training and education to be effective. Objective: This study was aimed at designing, developing and testing an original pillbox system that would automate the process of medicine preparation, dispensing and monitoring medication adherence and provide real-time feedback and cloud-based communication with caregivers and healthcare professionals. Methods: The prototype was built on a control system based on the Arduino platform, infrared sensors, GSM/Wi-Fi communication modules, and a real-time clock in the form of a modular prototype. The system was interconnected to a cloud network and an Android remote monitoring application. Laboratory validation of the prototype was done, Usability testing was conducted on the prototype with older people, and a field trial was conducted to estimate the improvement in adherence, reliability and user satisfaction. The quantitative measures of performance were dispensing accuracy, adherence rate, system-up-time and alert response-time. Results: Laboratory experiments showed the pill dispensing of 98.6%, sensor detection of 98 and continuous backup power of 5 hours in case of simulated outage. The results of usability testing on 17 participants contributed to the mean System Usability Scale (SUS) score of 84/100, which demonstrates that users are highly satisfied and find it easy to use it. Post-intervention adherence was 92.0% (SD 4.1%), compared to baseline 88.7% (SD 5.3%), absolute difference 3.3% (95% CI: 1.2–5.4). Response times of cloud synchronization were less than 5 seconds, and system uptime was 99.2%. Conclusion: The innovative pillbox system developed had potential to enhance medication adherence and reliability, decrease number of missed doses and provide the caregivers with reliable real time monitoring. Its great usability and technical stability promise to be a good assistive technology among the elderly and chronically ill patients. Further efforts in the field should be devoted to the extensive clinical validation, the long-term performance assessment, and the collaboration with electronic health records and AI-powered predictive analytics.

Introducción: El envejecimiento de la población y la polifarmacia asociada aumentan el riesgo de incumplimiento de la medicación, lo que afecta negativamente a la salud y la calidad de vida. Los pastilleros inteligentes existentes ayudan a mejorar la adherencia, pero presentan deficiencias en otros aspectos. La gestión de la medicación requiere formación y educación para ser eficaz. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo diseñar, desarrollar y probar un sistema de pastillero original que automatizara el proceso de preparación, dispensación y monitorización de la adherencia a la medicación, además de proporcionar retroalimentación en tiempo real y comunicación en la nube con cuidadores y profesionales sanitarios. Métodos:El prototipo se construyó sobre un sistema de control basado en la plataforma Arduino, sensores infrarrojos, módulos de comunicación GSM/Wi-Fi y un reloj en tiempo real en forma de prototipo modular. El sistema se interconectó a una red en la nube y a una aplicación de monitorización remota de Android. Se realizó la validación de laboratorio del prototipo, se realizaron pruebas de usabilidad con personas mayores y se realizó una prueba de campo para estimar la mejora en la adherencia, la fiabilidad y la satisfacción del usuario. Las medidas cuantitativas de rendimiento fueron la precisión de la dispensación, la tasa de adherencia, el tiempo de funcionamiento del sistema y el tiempo de respuesta a las alertas. Resultados: Los experimentos de laboratorio mostraron una dispensación de pastillas del 98,6%, una detección del sensor del 98% y una fuente de alimentación de reserva continua de 5 horas en caso de una interrupción simulada. Los resultados de las pruebas de usabilidad en 17 participantes contribuyeron a una puntuación media de 84/100 en la Escala de Usabilidad del Sistema (SUS), lo que demuestra que los usuarios están muy satisfechos y les resulta fácil de usar. La adherencia posintervención fue del 92,0% (DE: 4,1%), en comparación con el valor inicial del 88,7% (DE: 5,3%), con una diferencia absoluta del 3,3% (IC del 95%: 1,2-5,4). Los tiempos de respuesta de la sincronización en la nube fueron inferiores a 5 segundos y el tiempo de funcionamiento del sistema fue del 99,2%. Conclusión: El innovador sistema de pastillero desarrollado tenía el potencial de mejorar la adherencia y la fiabilidad de la medicación, reducir el número de dosis olvidadas y proporcionar a los cuidadores una monitorización fiable en tiempo real. Su gran usabilidad y estabilidad técnica prometen ser una excelente tecnología de asistencia para personas mayores y pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. Se deben dedicar más esfuerzos en este campo a la validación clínica exhaustiva, la evaluación del rendimiento a largo plazo y la colaboración con historiales clínicos electrónicos y análisis predictivos basados ​​en IA.

Introdução: O envelhecimento da população e a polifarmácia associada aumentam o risco de não adesão à medicação, afetando negativamente a saúde e a qualidade de vida. Os porta-comprimidos inteligentes existentes ajudam a melhorar a adesão, mas apresentam limitações em outros aspectos. O gerenciamento de medicamentos requer treinamento e educação para ser eficaz. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo projetar, desenvolver e testar um sistema original de porta-comprimidos que automatizasse o processo de preparação, dispensação e monitoramento da adesão à medicação, além de fornecer feedback em tempo real e comunicação baseada em nuvem com cuidadores e profissionais de saúde. Métodos: O protótipo foi construído com base em um sistema de controle na plataforma Arduino, sensores infravermelhos, módulos de comunicação GSM/Wi-Fi e um relógio em tempo real, na forma de um protótipo modular. O sistema foi interconectado a uma rede em nuvem e a um aplicativo de monitoramento remoto para Android. A validação laboratorial do protótipo foi realizada, testes de usabilidade foram conduzidos com idosos e um teste de campo foi realizado para estimar a melhoria na adesão, confiabilidade e satisfação do usuário. As medidas quantitativas de desempenho foram a precisão da dispensação, a taxa de adesão, o tempo de atividade do sistema e o tempo de resposta aos alertas. Resultados: Os experimentos em laboratório mostraram uma taxa de dispensação de comprimidos de 98,6%, detecção por sensores de 98% e autonomia de energia de reserva de 5 horas em caso de queda de energia simulada. Os resultados dos testes de usabilidade com 17 participantes contribuíram para uma pontuação média de 84/100 na Escala de Usabilidade do Sistema (SUS), o que demonstra que os usuários estão altamente satisfeitos e consideram o sistema fácil de usar. A adesão pós-intervenção foi de 92,0% (DP 4,1%), comparada à linha de base de 88,7% (DP 5,3%), com uma diferença absoluta de 3,3% (IC 95%: 1,2–5,4). Os tempos de resposta da sincronização com a nuvem foram inferiores a 5 segundos e o tempo de atividade do sistema foi de 99,2%. Conclusão: O inovador sistema de dispensador de comprimidos desenvolvido demonstrou potencial para melhorar a adesão e a confiabilidade da medicação, diminuir o número de doses perdidas e fornecer aos cuidadores um monitoramento confiável em tempo real. Sua excelente usabilidade e estabilidade técnica o tornam uma tecnologia assistiva promissora para idosos e pacientes com doenças crônicas. Esforços adicionais na área devem ser dedicados à ampla validação clínica, à avaliação do desempenho a longo prazo e à colaboração com registros eletrônicos de saúde e análises preditivas baseadas em inteligência artificial.

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Cómo citar

APA

Al_hussaniy, H. & Oraibi, A. I. (2026). Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, 55(2), 490–506. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.124746

ACM

[1]
Al_hussaniy, H. y Oraibi, A.I. 2026. Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas. 55, 2 (abr. 2026), 490–506. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.124746.

ACS

(1)
Al_hussaniy, H.; Oraibi, A. I. Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm. 2026, 55, 490-506.

ABNT

AL_HUSSANIY, H.; ORAIBI, A. I. Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, [S. l.], v. 55, n. 2, p. 490–506, 2026. DOI: 10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.124746. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/124746. Acesso em: 12 may. 2026.

Chicago

Al_hussaniy, Hanyakel, y Amjad Ibrahim Oraibi. 2026. «Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence». Revista Colombiana De Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas 55 (2):490-506. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.124746.

Harvard

Al_hussaniy, H. y Oraibi, A. I. (2026) «Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence», Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, 55(2), pp. 490–506. doi: 10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.124746.

IEEE

[1]
H. Al_hussaniy y A. I. Oraibi, «Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence», Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm., vol. 55, n.º 2, pp. 490–506, abr. 2026.

MLA

Al_hussaniy, H., y A. I. Oraibi. «Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence». Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, vol. 55, n.º 2, abril de 2026, pp. 490-06, doi:10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.124746.

Turabian

Al_hussaniy, Hanyakel, y Amjad Ibrahim Oraibi. «Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence». Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas 55, no. 2 (abril 21, 2026): 490–506. Accedido mayo 12, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/124746.

Vancouver

1.
Al_hussaniy H, Oraibi AI. Development of a smart pillbox system to improve medication adherence. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm. [Internet]. 21 de abril de 2026 [citado 12 de mayo de 2026];55(2):490-506. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/124746

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