Publicado

2026-04-21

In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system

Seguimiento in situ del intercambio iónico durante la sustitución de Li+/Na+/K+: Tratamiento del trastorno bipolar mediante un sistema de administración de fármacos

Rastreamento in situ da troca iônica durante a substituição de Li+/Na+/K+: Tratamento do transtorno bipolar por meio de sistemas de liberação de fármacos

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.126491

Palabras clave:

Cell membrane, ion transport, Li+Na+ & Li+K+, Si-based nanostructure, DFT (en)
Membrana celular, transporte iónico, Li+Na+ y Li+K+, nanoestructura basada en Si, DFT (es)
Membrana celular, transporte iônico, Li+Na+ e Li+K+, nanoestrutura à base de Si, DFT (pt)

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Autores/as

  • Fatemeh Mollaamin Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
  • Majid Monajjemi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is considered one of the most dangerous diseases in developed countries. Despite scientific efforts, BD remains a significant concern due to its wide range of side effects. Various drugs based on lithium salts have been instrumental in treating patients with this disorder. However, the main issue with lithium salts is their known toxic effects, which can vary depending on the dose, route, and duration of administration. It is important to also consider the anionic component of lithium salts in any treatment plan. Research into novel algorithms for rare events has led to improvements in force-field parameters and an increase in the understanding of lipid membrane protein transmembrane. These advancements have allowed for the simulation of a comprehensive model of lithium-ion diffusion into channels. Additionally, Ge, Sn/Si-nanoparticles have been utilized as excipients in pharmaceutical nano biotechnology. More recently, silicon/germanium oxide has been developed for use in drug delivery systems. Methodology: A comprehensive investigation on Li+Na+(SiOGe), Li+K+(SiOGe), Li+Na+(SiOSn), and Li+K+(SiOSn) was accomplished by the "CAM–B3LYP–D3/6-311+G (d,p)" level of DFT theory. The hypothesis of the ions transporting was corroborated through density distributions of CDD, TDOS, and ESP for nanoclusters of Li+Na+(SiOGe), Li+K+(SiOGe), Li+Na+(SiOSn), and Li+K+(SiOSn). Results: This ion transport produces an electrochemical gradient that is crucial for several cellular activities, such as cell volume regulation, electrical excitability, and secondary active transport. Properties of GSK-3 as a specific function for BD drug design came out from data researches, which are important to several of central processes, such as glycogen synthesis and gene therapy. Through docking with 6tcu, the amounts of the Gemdock have sequenced as Li+K+(SiOGe)> Li+Na+(SiOGe)> Li+K+(SiOSn)> Li+Na+(SiOSn), indicates the instability of these complexes by GSK3b folded monomer. In other words, instability in cytoplasm solution means stability in complexes structures or due to the heteroclusters properties. These perfect and accurate structures from ion channels have largely modified for improving our understanding of the molecular details and ion selectivity and conduction. The current study aims to explore various aspects, including describing the atomic detail structure, molecular and functional properties, and consequently, its incomplete action due to structural alterations.

Introducción: El trastorno bipolar (TB) se considera una de las enfermedades más peligrosas en los países desarrollados. A pesar de los esfuerzos científicos, el TB sigue siendo una preocupación importante debido a su amplia gama de efectos secundarios. Diversos fármacos basados ​​en sales de litio han sido fundamentales en el tratamiento de pacientes con este trastorno. Sin embargo, el principal problema con las sales de litio son sus conocidos efectos tóxicos, que pueden variar según la dosis, la vía de administración y la duración de la misma. Es importante considerar también el componente aniónico de las sales de litio en cualquier plan de tratamiento. La investigación de nuevos algoritmos para eventos raros ha permitido mejorar los parámetros del campo de fuerza y ​​profundizar en la comprensión de la membrana transmembrana de las proteínas lipídicas. Estos avances han permitido la simulación de un modelo integral de la difusión de iones de litio en canales. Además, se han utilizado nanopartículas de Ge, Sn/Si como excipientes en nanobiotecnología farmacéutica. Más recientemente, se ha desarrollado óxido de silicio/germanio para su uso en sistemas de administración de fármacos. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación exhaustiva sobre Li+Na+(SiOGe), Li+K+(SiOGe), Li+Na+(SiOSn) y Li+K+(SiOSn) mediante el nivel "CAM–B3LYP–D3/6-311+G (d,p)" de la teoría DFT. La hipótesis del transporte de iones se corroboró mediante distribuciones de densidad de CDD, TDOS y ESP para nanoagrupaciones de Li+Na+(SiOGe), Li+K+(SiOGe), Li+Na+(SiOSn) y Li+K+(SiOSn). Resultados: Este transporte de iones produce un gradiente electroquímico crucial para diversas actividades celulares, como la regulación del volumen celular, la excitabilidad eléctrica y el transporte activo secundario. Las propiedades de GSK-3 como función específica para el diseño de fármacos para el trastorno bipolar surgieron de la investigación de datos, que son importantes para varios procesos centrales, como la síntesis de glucógeno y la terapia génica. Mediante el acoplamiento con 6tcu, las cantidades de Gemdock se secuenciaron como Li+K+(SiOGe) > Li+Na+(SiOGe) > Li+K+(SiOSn) > Li+Na+(SiOSn), lo que indica la inestabilidad de estos complejos por el monómero plegado de GSK3b. En otras palabras, la inestabilidad en la solución citoplasmática implica estabilidad en las estructuras de los complejos o se debe a las propiedades de los heterogrupos. Estas estructuras perfectas y precisas de los canales iónicos se han modificado en gran medida para mejorar nuestra comprensión de los detalles moleculares, la selectividad y la conducción iónica. El presente estudio pretende explorar diversos aspectos, incluyendo la descripción de la estructura atómica detallada, las propiedades moleculares y funcionales y, en consecuencia, su acción incompleta debido a alteraciones estructurales.

Introdução: O transtorno bipolar (TB) é considerado uma das doenças mais perigosas em países desenvolvidos. Apesar dos esforços científicos, o TB continua sendo uma preocupação significativa devido à sua ampla gama de efeitos colaterais. Diversos fármacos à base de sais de lítio têm sido fundamentais no tratamento de pacientes com esse transtorno. No entanto, a principal questão com os sais de lítio são seus conhecidos efeitos tóxicos, que podem variar dependendo da dose, via de administração e duração do tratamento. É importante também considerar o componente aniônico dos sais de lítio em qualquer plano de tratamento. A pesquisa de novos algoritmos para eventos raros levou a melhorias nos parâmetros de campos de força e a um aumento na compreensão da transmembrana de proteínas de membrana lipídica. Esses avanços permitiram a simulação de um modelo abrangente de difusão de íons de lítio em canais. Além disso, nanopartículas de Ge, Sn/Si têm sido utilizadas como excipientes em nanobiotecnologia farmacêutica. Mais recentemente, o óxido de silício/germânio foi desenvolvido para uso em sistemas de liberação de fármacos. Metodologia: Uma investigação abrangente sobre Li+Na+(SiOGe), Li+K+(SiOGe), Li+Na+(SiOSn) e Li+K+(SiOSn) foi realizada utilizando o nível "CAM–B3LYP–D3/6-311+G (d,p)" da teoria DFT. A hipótese do transporte iônico foi corroborada pelas distribuições de densidade de CDD, TDOS e ESP para os nanocúmulos de Li+Na+(SiOGe), Li+K+(SiOGe), Li+Na+(SiOSn) e Li+K+(SiOSn). Resultados: Esse transporte iônico produz um gradiente eletroquímico crucial para diversas atividades celulares, como a regulação do volume celular, a excitabilidade elétrica e o transporte ativo secundário. As propriedades da GSK-3, como função específica para o planejamento de fármacos para doenças bipolares, emergiram das pesquisas de dados, sendo importantes para diversos processos centrais, como a síntese de glicogênio e a terapia gênica. Através do acoplamento com 6tcu, as quantidades do Gemdock foram sequenciadas como Li+K+(SiOGe) > Li+Na+(SiOGe) > Li+K+(SiOSn) > Li+Na+(SiOSn), indicando a instabilidade desses complexos devido ao monômero dobrado da GSK3b. Em outras palavras, a instabilidade na solução citoplasmática significa estabilidade nas estruturas dos complexos ou devido às propriedades dos heterocúmulos. Essas estruturas perfeitas e precisas de canais iônicos foram amplamente modificadas para aprimorar nossa compreensão dos detalhes moleculares, da seletividade iônica e da condução. O presente estudo visa explorar vários aspectos, incluindo a descrição da estrutura em detalhes atômicos, propriedades moleculares e funcionais e, consequentemente, sua ação incompleta devido a alterações estruturais.

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Cómo citar

APA

Mollaamin, F. & Monajjemi, M. (2026). In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, 55(2), 458–476. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.126491

ACM

[1]
Mollaamin, F. y Monajjemi, M. 2026. In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas. 55, 2 (abr. 2026), 458–476. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.126491.

ACS

(1)
Mollaamin, F.; Monajjemi, M. In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm. 2026, 55, 458-476.

ABNT

MOLLAAMIN, F.; MONAJJEMI, M. In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, [S. l.], v. 55, n. 2, p. 458–476, 2026. DOI: 10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.126491. Disponível em: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/126491. Acesso em: 12 may. 2026.

Chicago

Mollaamin, Fatemeh, y Majid Monajjemi. 2026. «In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system». Revista Colombiana De Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas 55 (2):458-76. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.126491.

Harvard

Mollaamin, F. y Monajjemi, M. (2026) «In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system», Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, 55(2), pp. 458–476. doi: 10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.126491.

IEEE

[1]
F. Mollaamin y M. Monajjemi, «In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system», Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm., vol. 55, n.º 2, pp. 458–476, abr. 2026.

MLA

Mollaamin, F., y M. Monajjemi. «In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system». Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas, vol. 55, n.º 2, abril de 2026, pp. 458-76, doi:10.15446/rcciquifa.v55n2.126491.

Turabian

Mollaamin, Fatemeh, y Majid Monajjemi. «In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system». Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas 55, no. 2 (abril 21, 2026): 458–476. Accedido mayo 12, 2026. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/126491.

Vancouver

1.
Mollaamin F, Monajjemi M. In situ tracking ion-exchange during Li+/Na+/K+ substitution: Bipolar disorder treatment through drug delivery system. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quím. Farm. [Internet]. 21 de abril de 2026 [citado 12 de mayo de 2026];55(2):458-76. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/rccquifa/article/view/126491

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