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Cronofarmacología de los psicofármacos: Revisión de tema
Chronopharmacology of psychotropic drugs: Review
Cronofarmacologia de psicofármacos: revisão do tema
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v52n1.93531Palabras clave:
Ritmo circadiano, psiquiatría, psicopatología, trastornos cronobiológicos, cronoterapia farmacológica (es)Circadian rhythm, psychiatry, psychopathology, chronobiology disorders, drug chronotherapy (en)
Ritmo circadiano, psiquiatria, psicopatologia, distúrbios cronobiológicos, cronoterapia farmacológica (pt)
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Resumen
Es de vital importancia para el manejo de nuestros pacientes darles el mejor tratamiento farmacológico, y así como educarles respecto a cómo y por qué se deben tomar los medicamentos en un horario específico. Existe evidencia científica que respalda la administración de medicamentos a determinados horarios y sus beneficios. En la práctica diaria se ve la necesidad de educar tanto a pacientes como personal médico para el adecuado uso de los medicamentos.
La aplicación de los principios cronofarmacológicos en el tratamiento de las enfermedades psiquiátricas como depresión, esquizofrenia, delirium, parkinson e insomnio; apoya la eficacia terapéutica de los medicamentos y la disminución de efectos adversos. Métodos: se
realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos como PubMed,
Embase, Google Académico, únicamente se incluyeron artículos, tesis o libros publicados,
que se encontraran en idioma inglés o español y que independientemente
del tipo de artículo hiciera alusión a la cronofarmacología, su importancia, sus
hallazgos y avances. Resultados: muchos neurotransmisores y sistemas hormonales
se ven involucrados en este proceso como la serotonina, glucocorticoides, glutamato,
melatonina, GABA, entre otros. La transcripción de estas señales modifica lo que
se conoce como genes de reloj, los cuales la mayoría se encuentran en el cromosoma
4 y se encargan de modificar los ritmos biológicos animales, generando trastornos
mentales y cambios comportamentales. Teniendo en cuenta esta potencial diana terapéutica,
el interés que ha despertado la cronoterapia y cronofarmacología en población psiquiátrica ha venido creciendo exponencialmente. Enfermedades mentales
tanto agudas como crónicas, han demostrado su comportamiento siguiendo los
relojes biológicos internos, con mejores opciones terapéuticas, mejor tolerabilidad
y mejor respuesta farmacológica. Discusión y conclusiones: muchas enfermedades
mentales se ven afectadas con las alteraciones en los ciclos circadianos, es por esto
que con el conocimiento en cronofarmacología se puede optimizar el manejo a los
pacientes, mejorando la eficacia de los medicamentos y disminuyendo los efectos
adversos los cuales tienen gran dificultad en psiquiatría donde se ve la falta de adherencia
a la medicación con mayor prevalencia que en otras patologías. Se espera que
esta revisión sea una motivación para nuevas investigaciones en el país sobre la administración
de medicamentos, ritmos biológicos y su importancia clínica.
Introduction: it is of vital importance for the management of our patients to give
them the best pharmacological treatment, as well as to educate them regarding how
and why they should take the medications at a specific time. There is scientific evidence
that supports the administration of medications at certain times and its benefits. In
daily practice, there is a need to educate both patients and medical personnel on the
proper use of medications. The application of chronopharmacological principles in the
treatment of psychiatric illnesses such as depression, schizophrenia, delirium, Parkinson’s
and insomnia; supports the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and the reduction of
adverse effects. Methods: a literature search was carried out in different databases such
as PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, only published articles, theses or books were
included, which were in English or Spanish and regardless of the type of article referred
to chronopharmacology, its importance, its findings and advances. Results: many
neurotransmitters and hormonal systems are involved in this process, such as serotonin,
glucocorticoids, glutamate, melatonin, GABA, among others. The transcription
of these signals modifies what are known as clock genes, most of which are found on
chromosome 4 and are responsible for modifying animal biological rhythms, generating
mental disorders and behavioral changes. Taking this potential therapeutic target
into account, the interest aroused by chronotherapy and chronopharmacology in the
psychiatric population has been growing exponentially. Both acute and chronic mental illnesses have shown their behavior following internal biological clocks, with better
therapeutic options, better tolerability and better pharmacological response. Discussion
and Conclusions: many mental illnesses are affected by alterations in circadian
cycles, which is why, with knowledge in chronopharmacology, patient management
can be optimized, improving the efficacy of medications and reducing adverse effects,
which are very difficult in psychiatry, where the lack of adherence to medication is
seen with greater prevalence than in other pathologies. It is hoped that this review will
launch new research in the country on drug delivery and biological rhythms and their
clinical importance.
Introdução: é de vital importância para o manejo de nossos pacientes dar-lhes o
melhor tratamento farmacológico, bem como educá-los sobre como e por que os
medicamentos devem ser tomados em um horário específico. Existem evidências
científicas que apóiam a administração de medicamentos em determinados horários
e seus benefícios. Na prática diária, existe a necessidade de educar tanto os pacientes
quanto a equipe médica para o uso adequado de medicamentos. A aplicação dos princípios
cronofarmacológicos no tratamento de doenças psiquiátricas como depressão,
esquizofrenia, delirium, Parkinson e insônia; apoia a eficácia terapêutica dos medicamentos
e a redução dos efeitos adversos. Métodos: foi realizada uma busca da literatura
em diferentes bases de dados como PubMed, Embase, Google Acadêmico,
foram incluídos apenas artigos, teses ou livros publicados, que estivessem em inglês
ou espanhol e que, independentemente do tipo de artigo, aludissem a Cronofarmacologia,
sua importância, suas descobertas e avanços. Resultados: muitos neurotransmissores
e sistemas hormonais estão envolvidos neste processo como a serotonina,
glucocorticóides, glutamato, melatonina, GABA, entre outros. A transcrição
desses sinais modifica os chamados genes do relógio, a maioria dos quais se encontra
no cromossomo 4 e são responsáveis por modificar os ritmos biológicos dos animais,
gerando transtornos mentais e alterações comportamentais. Tendo em conta este
potencial alvo terapêutico, o interesse que a cronoterapia e a cronofarmacologia têm
despertado na população psiquiátrica tem vindo a crescer exponencialmente. Tanto
as doenças mentais agudas quanto as crônicas têm demonstrado seu comportamento seguindo os relógios biológicos internos, com melhores opções terapêuticas,
melhor tolerabilidade e melhor resposta farmacológica. Discussão e conclusões:
muitas doenças mentais são afetadas por alterações nos ciclos circadianos, pelo que
com conhecimentos em cronofarmacologia pode otimizar-se a gestão do doente,
melhorando a eficácia dos medicamentos e reduzindo os efeitos adversos que estes
apresentam grande dificuldade em psiquiatria onde falta de adesão à medicação é
observada com maior prevalência do que em outras patologias. Espera-se que esta
revisão seja uma motivação para novas pesquisas no país sobre administração de
medicamentos, ritmos biológicos e seu significado clínico.
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